(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Sociology

During the formation of modern States, the notion of citizenship and the rights and duties of individuals towards the State were reconfigured. T.H. Marshall, in his work 'Citizenship and Social Class,' discusses the evolution of civil, political, and social rights as fundamental to the integration and participation of citizens in democratic life. Considering the historical context and T.H. Marshall's ideas, write an essay discussing the following points: 1. How did the construction of the modern State influence the perception of citizenship and the definition of rights and duties? 2. What is the role of social rights in consolidating full citizenship and how do they relate to the notion of social justice in contemporary times? Select and interpret historical and/or current examples that demonstrate the importance of the interconnection between social rights, citizenship, and social justice in sociopolitical practice.

Mass culture refers to the set of ideas, values, and cultural products produced and disseminated on a large scale by the media, such as radio, television, cinema, and the internet. This culture reaches a vast number of people from different social classes, influencing the behavior, opinions, and tastes of a large part of the population. Considering this concept of mass culture and its relationship with the media, 1) analyze how this dynamic affects cultural diversity and the formation of individual and collective identities; 2) discuss the influence of cultural industries on the process of globalization and its consequences on the world stage; and 3) present possible criticisms of this culture, pointing out strategies for resistance and valorization of local and regional cultural expressions.

Contemporary society is deeply influenced by mass culture, which manifests itself in various forms, including music, cinema, television, and the internet. These cultural manifestations not only reflect, but also shape social values, norms, and identities. In 'The Postmodern Condition,' the sociologist Jean-François Lyotard discusses the impact of narratives of science, technology, and communication on the understanding of knowledge: 'In the postmodern era, knowledge loses its anchoring in the metanarratives that legitimized it, and increasingly becomes part of an uninterrupted flow of information.' Considering the context of mass culture and Lyotard's reflections, evaluate the role of communication media in the dissemination of cultural values and in the construction of social identities. How do communication media promote the displacement of 'metanarratives' and favor the emergence of new forms of knowledge and identity in contemporary society?