(ENEM 2013) - Question Hard of Sociology

During the 17th century, political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke presented their theories on the formation and purposes of the State, relating them to the historical and social context of their time. Based on your knowledge of these thinkers and their respective contexts, how do you believe the construction of the modern State occurred? Discuss the processes involved in this construction, highlighting the differences in approaches regarding the role of the State in individuals' lives and in society, and relate them to the ethical foundations present in these views.

With the advancement of technology, various professions have been impacted and transformed, leading to adaptations in the job market. Automation, for example, has significantly altered the tasks of many jobs, leading to the replacement of repetitive activities by machines or algorithms. However, these changes do not affect all areas uniformly, and the debate on the social and economic implications of these transformations is intense. In the work 'The Automatic Society: The Future of Work', the sociologist Antônio Garcia Molina discusses the relationship between technology and work, stating that 'automation is not a phenomenon that occurs suddenly, but a gradual process that shapes professional relationships over time, with complex implications for society'. Considering the excerpt and the presented theme, analyze the impact of automation on the job market and identify an example of a profession that has undergone significant transformations due to this process.

Currently, technologies play a significant role in people's lives and influence how individuals interact with each other, impacting human coexistence and social isolation. Considering this context, which alternative below best represents one of the consequences of communication technologies on social interaction, human coexistence, and isolation in contemporary society?

Contemporary society is permeated by a wide range of cultural products, and mass culture stands out as a phenomenon that deeply influences social, political, and economic life. Produced on a large scale and disseminated through various means of communication, these products shape behaviors, ideas, and collective identities. According to the German sociologist Theodor W. Adorno, in his work 'The Culture Industry and Society' (1947), mass culture tends to standardize taste and homogenize perceptions, making the individual increasingly susceptible to social control. Adorno argues that 'the culture industry is the integration into mass society of structures that originated in privileged social groups'. Considering the contemporary context and Adorno's perspectives, analyze how the intersection between mass culture and digital media can both reinforce and challenge the concept of 'standardization of taste' and 'homogenization of perceptions' proposed by the sociologist.