(UFU 2020) - Question Medium of Philosophy

In the poem 'The Other Side of Days', the renowned Brazilian poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade invites the reader to reflect on the nature of morality and the complexity of human relationships in the contemporary world. The poet questions: 'What morality is offered to these young people, children of a fragmented era, where values seem to submit to the speed of technological changes?' Based on the excerpt and knowledge of moral philosophy and social transformations, analyze how technological changes can influence systems of values and the perception of morality in new generations, considering the current sociocultural context.

The interaction between science and society is a complex theme that involves ethical issues, intellectual freedom, cultural diversity, and religious beliefs. In 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,' Thomas Kuhn argues that scientific revolutions are not simple accumulations of new discoveries, but rather 'paradigm shifts' that reconfigure the way we see and understand the world. These changes sometimes conflict with established values and traditions. Considering the context of this statement, and looking at the evolution of genetics and biotechnology, Oliver D. Crisp in 'Genetics, Culture, and Ethics' highlights that 'scientific advances often force society to reevaluate its ethical and moral norms, as well as its religious premises.' Based on this quote, discuss how the evolution of scientific thought in the field of genetics and biotechnology challenges preexisting cultural and religious values. In light of Kuhn's concept of 'paradigm shift,' analyze to what extent the acceptance of new scientific advances in these areas can be seen as a matter of intellectual freedom or as the imposition of a new set of beliefs on society.

Philosophy, since its origins in Ancient Greece, seeks to understand and reflect on the fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge, and human existence. Considering this context and the role of philosophy in society, answer: (1) What are the main components of philosophy and its approaches to the study of reality and knowledge? (2) How can understanding the nature of philosophy contribute to the critical analysis of ideas and concepts from different eras and cultures? (3) Mention and briefly discuss an example of a conceptual framework (ethnocentrism, racism, evolution, modernity, cooperativism/development, etc.) and how the philosophical perspective can help in understanding its historical significance.