(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Easy of Philosophy

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, in one of his most well-known works, 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra', presents the concept of the 'Superman' (Übermensch), as a figure to be achieved by man, surpassing his limits and transcending his human condition. This thought is strongly influenced by the historical-cultural context of the 19th century, marked by great scientific and technological advances, as well as profound social and political transformations. Considering this contextualization, how does Nietzsche's idea of the 'Superman' relate to the changes that occurred in the 19th century and what is the impact of this historical context on the formation of this concept?

In contemporary times, the notion of ethics transcends the individual sphere and approaches social and global dynamics, influencing decisions in various areas such as politics, economy, and technology. In this context, the philosopher Hannah Arendt discusses the 'banality of evil', referring to how the lack of critical reflection and the uncritical following of orders can lead to devastating ethical consequences. In her work 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil', Arendt analyzes the trial of Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Holocaust, and argues that he was not a sadist or an individual with malevolent intentions, but rather someone who meticulously followed orders without questioning the moral consequences of his actions. Given the above, and considering Arendt's thinking, what is the relevance of critical thinking in the context of ethical decision-making, especially in hierarchical structures and institutions that demand obedience to norms and protocols?

Contemporary democracy, forged in a context of pluralism and cultural diversity, faces the challenge of reconciling the preservation of individual rights with the promotion of the common good. In this scenario, ethical deliberation emerges as an essential tool in the decision-making process that affects the community. The contemporary philosopher Jürgen Habermas proposed the 'discourse ethics' as a theoretical foundation for the validity of norms in a democratic society, emphasizing the importance of dialogue and rational consensus in the public sphere. In his work 'Between Facts and Norms,' Habermas states that 'the democratic process cannot do without ethical communication, which requires a constant adjustment between the normative system and the behavioral expectations of its citizens.' Considering the presented context and Habermas's perspective, analyze the role of ethical communication in the democratic dynamics and discuss to what extent the notion of 'fact' and 'norm' are relevant for decision-making within democratic values.