(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Philosophy

Analyzing the following excerpt from the philosopher Michel Foucault on the concept of power: 'Power is not only exercised as a violence that would repress a right or a freedom, but also as a productivity that would fabricate something more and beyond obedience or submission. In its relation to politics, power is both a condition for the existence of the state and society and an effect of strategies involving resistance and governmentality.' Based on this perspective, discuss how the dynamics of power are established in political relations, considering the role of institutions and individuals in its configuration and reconfiguration. Additionally, provide a historical or contemporary example that illustrates the application of this concept in political practice, demonstrating how power can be exercised productively and how strategies of resistance can influence governmentality.

In the context of political and social philosophy, the term 'modernity' is often associated with a series of economic, political, and cultural transformations that began in Europe from the 15th century onwards and later spread to other continents. According to the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, 'liquid modernity is the type of social order that is capable of changing shape before the shape itself has been fully consolidated.' (Bauman, Z. Liquid Modernity). Considering Bauman's notion of modernity and the historical context of Europe during the Renaissance and the Reformation, analyze the implications of the 'liquidity' of modernity on the aspects of the formation of the modern state and on the social and cultural dynamics that emerged in the transition from feudalism to capitalism.

Philosophy, since its origins in Ancient Greece, seeks to understand and reflect on the fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge, and human existence. Considering this context and the role of philosophy in society, answer: (1) What are the main components of philosophy and its approaches to the study of reality and knowledge? (2) How can understanding the nature of philosophy contribute to the critical analysis of ideas and concepts from different eras and cultures? (3) Mention and briefly discuss an example of a conceptual framework (ethnocentrism, racism, evolution, modernity, cooperativism/development, etc.) and how the philosophical perspective can help in understanding its historical significance.