(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Easy of Philosophy

Analyzing the following excerpt from the philosopher Michel Foucault on the concept of power: 'Power is not only exercised as a violence that would repress a right or a freedom, but also as a productivity that would fabricate something more and beyond obedience or submission. In its relation to politics, power is both a condition for the existence of the state and society and an effect of strategies involving resistance and governmentality.' Based on this perspective, discuss how the dynamics of power are established in political relations, considering the role of institutions and individuals in its configuration and reconfiguration. Additionally, provide a historical or contemporary example that illustrates the application of this concept in political practice, demonstrating how power can be exercised productively and how strategies of resistance can influence governmentality.

Contemporary democracy, forged in a context of pluralism and cultural diversity, faces the challenge of reconciling the preservation of individual rights with the promotion of the common good. In this scenario, ethical deliberation emerges as an essential tool in the decision-making process that affects the community. The contemporary philosopher Jürgen Habermas proposed the 'discourse ethics' as a theoretical foundation for the validity of norms in a democratic society, emphasizing the importance of dialogue and rational consensus in the public sphere. In his work 'Between Facts and Norms,' Habermas states that 'the democratic process cannot do without ethical communication, which requires a constant adjustment between the normative system and the behavioral expectations of its citizens.' Considering the presented context and Habermas's perspective, analyze the role of ethical communication in the democratic dynamics and discuss to what extent the notion of 'fact' and 'norm' are relevant for decision-making within democratic values.

In the contemporary world, the scientific civilization has caused numerous changes and questions related to the concepts of ethics, freedom, culture, and religion. In this scenario, based on the philosophical knowledge acquired in the classroom and from different sources (texts, documentaries, works of art, and other cultural manifestations), develop an argument about: 1) the relationship between ethics and scientific advances in today's society; 2) the possible impacts of science on the perception of freedom; and 3) the influence of science on the relationship between culture and religion.