(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Philosophy

In contemporary times, the notion of ethics transcends the individual sphere and approaches social and global dynamics, influencing decisions in various areas such as politics, economy, and technology. In this context, the philosopher Hannah Arendt discusses the 'banality of evil', referring to how the lack of critical reflection and the uncritical following of orders can lead to devastating ethical consequences. In her work 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil', Arendt analyzes the trial of Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Holocaust, and argues that he was not a sadist or an individual with malevolent intentions, but rather someone who meticulously followed orders without questioning the moral consequences of his actions. Given the above, and considering Arendt's thinking, what is the relevance of critical thinking in the context of ethical decision-making, especially in hierarchical structures and institutions that demand obedience to norms and protocols?

During the Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx's political philosophy was forged amidst the social fabric that was transforming with the rise of capitalism and the inhumane working conditions in factories. Marx, in his critical analysis, established the idea that the economic structure of a society influences its set of ideas and institutions, and not the other way around, thus uniting philosophy with sociology and economics. In the contemporary context, the discussion on the relationships between work and value continues, but adapted to the complexities of the digital age, where immaterial work and the valorization of knowledge also become central. In 'Capital', Marx states: 'Capital is not a mere accumulation of commodities, it is essentially value in motion, value that valorizes itself.' Considering Marx's fragment and the proposed interdisciplinarity, analyze how the notion of value in work and the relationship between work and capital can be understood in the light of Marxist philosophy and contemporary economics. Furthermore, discuss how technology and the knowledge economy impact the understanding of work and value in today's society.