Objectives (5 minutes)

1. Provide students with a deep understanding of the life and work of Karl Marx, focusing on his main theories and contributions to philosophy and sociology. This includes understanding historical materialism, the labor theory of value, and the concept of class struggle.

2. Present the life and philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, highlighting his main ideas such as the death of God, the will to power, and nihilism. Students should be able to relate these ideas to the historical and social context of the time.

3. Compare Marx and Nietzsche's views on society and the individual, identifying similarities and differences. Students should be able to critically discuss these views and form their own opinions based on solid arguments.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop research and information synthesis skills, encouraging students to seek reliable sources and organize the material clearly and coherently.

• Foster critical thinking and argumentation skills, encouraging students to question the ideas presented and formulate their own hypotheses and conclusions.

• Promote interaction and collaboration in the classroom, encouraging students to share their opinions and debate the ideas presented.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start by recalling basic concepts of philosophy, such as the importance of critical thinking, the analysis of the world around us, and reflection on human nature. Additionally, it is crucial to briefly review the historical context in which Marx and Nietzsche lived, highlighting the Industrial Revolution and the social and political changes that occurred at the time. (5 minutes)

2. Problem-Solving Scenarios: To engage students' interest, the teacher can propose two problem-solving scenarios that will be explored throughout the lesson. The first one could be: "How do Karl Marx's ideas apply in today's society, considering economic inequality and power relations?" The second one could be: "In what way did Friedrich Nietzsche's nihilism influence the contemporary worldview, especially regarding morality and religion?" These questions will serve as a starting point for discussion and deepening of concepts. (5 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then contextualize the importance of studying Marx and Nietzsche, highlighting how their ideas shaped not only philosophical thought but also politics, economics, and sociology. For example, the influence of Marx on the emergence of socialism and communism can be mentioned, as well as the relevance of Nietzsche for understanding existentialism and postmodernism. (3 minutes)

4. Capturing Students' Attention: To capture students' attention, the teacher can share some curiosities about Marx and Nietzsche. For example, it can be mentioned that Marx was expelled from several countries for his political ideas, and that Nietzsche was a respected philologist before becoming a famous philosopher. Additionally, the teacher can tell the story of the famous encounter between Marx and Nietzsche, in which Marx allegedly said to Nietzsche: "You are a good student, but you have nothing to say. Your philosophy is the philosophy of the future, but I am the future." These stories will help humanize the philosophers and make the content more interesting and accessible to students. (2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Role-Playing Activity - "The Philosophical Debate" (10 - 15 minutes)

   • Scenario: The teacher divides the class into two groups: the Marx Group and the Nietzsche Group. Each group is assigned to defend the ideas of one of the philosophers. The scenario is a philosophical debate between the two groups, mediated by the teacher.

   • Preparation: The teacher provides the students with a list of key ideas from each philosopher, such as historical materialism, class struggle, will to power, death of God, among others. The students, in their respective groups, should research and discuss the ideas of their assigned philosopher.

   • Execution: The groups have a set time to prepare their arguments. Then, the debate begins. Each group has the opportunity to present their arguments and refute the arguments of the other group. The teacher acts as a mediator, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to speak and that the debate is respectful and productive.

2. Critical Thinking Activity - "The Impact of Ideas" (10 - 15 minutes)

   • Scenario: The teacher presents the students with two hypothetical situations, each related to one of the main ideas of Marx or Nietzsche. For example, one situation may involve economic inequality and class struggle (Marx), and the other may involve morality and religion (Nietzsche).

   • Execution: The students, in groups, should discuss how the ideas of Marx or Nietzsche can be applied to understand and solve the presented situations. They should consider the ethical, social, and political implications of their responses.

   • Sharing: Each group presents their reflections to the class. The teacher facilitates the discussion, highlighting different perspectives and encouraging students to question and elaborate on their ideas.

3. Research Activity - "Current Relevance" (5 - 10 minutes)

   • Scenario: The teacher proposes that students, individually or in groups, research the influence of Marx and Nietzsche on contemporary society. They can explore topics such as the persistence of inequality (Marx), the decline of religion (Nietzsche), the crisis of truth, and the emergence of nihilism (both).

   • Research: Students use their mobile devices or computers to research from reliable sources. The teacher provides a list of suggested resources, including books, articles, videos, and academic websites.

   • Sharing: Each student or group briefly shares what they have discovered. The teacher clarifies doubts and complements information, if necessary.

These activities aim to promote understanding and critical reflection on the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche, as well as develop research, argumentation, and debate skills. By the end of this stage, students should have a deeper understanding of the worldviews of these two philosophers and their relevance to contemporary society.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion - "What We Learned" (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should facilitate a group discussion, allowing each team to share the conclusions of their activities. Each group should have a maximum of 3 minutes to present their main findings and reflections. The teacher should ensure that each group has the opportunity to speak, and that the discussion is respectful and productive.

   • During the presentations, the teacher should ask questions to stimulate critical thinking and deepen students' understanding. For example, he can ask: "How do the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche help to understand and solve the hypothetical situations you discussed?" or "Do you think the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche are still relevant today? Why?".

   • The teacher should encourage students to make connections between the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche, the hypothetical situations, and the real world. This will help solidify learning and demonstrate the applicability of philosophical ideas.

2. Comprehension Check - "What I Learned" (3 - 5 minutes)

   • The teacher should then ask students to reflect individually on what they learned during the lesson. He can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?".

   • Students should write down their answers on a piece of paper. The teacher may choose to collect these notes to assess students' understanding, or may ask students to share their reflections with the class.

3. Feedback and Reflection - "What I Want to Know More" (2 - 3 minutes)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should ask students to reflect on what they learned and what they would like to learn more about. They can think about answers to questions such as: "What was the most difficult concept to understand?" and "What topics or questions would you like to explore further?".

   • The teacher can collect these reflections in writing, to plan future lessons and activities, or can ask students to share verbally. He should ensure that students feel comfortable expressing any doubts or difficulties, and that they know their learning is a priority.

This Return stage is crucial to consolidate learning, assess students' understanding, and plan future lessons. It also provides students with the opportunity to reflect on their own learning process and express their needs and interests. By the end of this stage, students should have a solid understanding of the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche, and should be prepared to continue exploring these concepts in future classes.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should recap the main points of the lesson, reinforcing the key ideas of Marx and Nietzsche. For example, he can review historical materialism, labor theory of value, class struggle, death of God, will to power, and nihilism.

   • It is important for the teacher to make connections between the different topics discussed, showing how the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche complement and contrast each other.

2. Connecting Theory with Practice (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should highlight how the activities carried out in the classroom allowed students to apply the theoretical concepts of Marx and Nietzsche to practical and current situations. For example, how the philosophical debate helped understand the relevance of Marx and Nietzsche's ideas for contemporary society, and how the critical thinking activity allowed students to analyze and solve complex problems from these philosophical perspectives.

3. Extra Materials (1 minute)

   • The teacher can suggest additional materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of Marx and Nietzsche. These materials may include books, articles, documentaries, and specialized websites.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of studying Marx and Nietzsche, highlighting how their ideas continue to be influential and relevant for understanding the contemporary world.

   • For example, he can mention the persistence of inequality and class struggle (Marx), the crisis of truth and the emergence of nihilism (both), and the decline of religion and the search for a new morality (Nietzsche).

By the end of the lesson, students should have a solid understanding of the ideas of Marx and Nietzsche, and should be able to apply these concepts to practical and current situations. They should also be motivated to continue exploring these philosophers and their contributions to human thought.