Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Provide students with a clear and comprehensive understanding of the concepts of democracy and citizenship, highlighting their historical development from Ancient Greece to the present day.
2. Develop students' ability to identify and analyze the various forms of democracy throughout history and in different cultural and political contexts.
3. Encourage students to reflect critically on the importance of civic engagement and democratic participation in shaping a just and equitable society.

Secondary Objectives:

• Facilitate students' understanding of the role of citizens in democracy, highlighting the rights and duties associated with citizenship.
• Stimulate students' critical thinking about the limitations and challenges of democracy in different historical and contemporary contexts.
• Encourage students to apply the knowledge acquired about democracy and citizenship in debates on current social and political issues.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by briefly reviewing previous concepts that are important for understanding the current topic. This may include a review of concepts such as society, politics, government, and nation-states. This review can be done through questions directed at students to assess their understanding and recall of these concepts (5 minutes).

2. Problem-Solving Scenarios: Next, the teacher can propose two problem-solving scenarios to stimulate students' thinking and introduce the discussion on democracy and citizenship. For example, the first scenario could be: 'Imagine you live in a country where only a small elite holds all political power. What would be the challenges and consequences of this situation?' The second scenario could be: 'Imagine you are a citizen in a democracy but feel that your opinions and interests are not being represented. How would you deal with this situation?' (5 minutes).

3. Contextualization: The teacher can then contextualize the importance of the topic, explaining how democracy and citizenship are fundamental to the social and political organization of contemporary societies. This can be done through concrete examples of current situations, such as the importance of voting in elections and civic participation in social movements (2 minutes).

4. Introduction to the Topic: Finally, the teacher should introduce the topic of the lesson, explaining that democracy is a political system that originated in Ancient Greece and has undergone various changes throughout history. The teacher can share some curiosities, such as the fact that in the original Athenian democracy, only free men were considered citizens and had the right to vote. Another curiosity could be the evolution of the concept of citizenship, which now includes a series of rights and duties, such as the right to education, health, and equality before the law. The teacher can also mention that different countries have different forms of democracy, which will be further explored during the lesson (3 minutes).

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. History of Democracy: Origins in Ancient Greece (5-7 minutes)

   • The teacher begins the topic explanation with a brief overview of the origin of democracy in Ancient Greece, highlighting the city-state of Athens as the cradle of democracy.
   • The concept of 'demos' (people) and 'kratos' (power) should be explained and how these concepts applied in Ancient Greece, where only free men could participate in the decisions of the polis (city-state).
   • The teacher can discuss the main characteristics of Athenian democracy, such as the assembly of the people, the council, and the popular tribunal. Additionally, they can mention the limitations of this form of democracy, especially the fact that women, slaves, and foreigners had no political rights.

2. Democracy and Citizenship throughout History (5-7 minutes)

   • The teacher should then guide students through the transformations of the concept of democracy throughout history. The expansion of the concept of citizenship, the idea of representativeness, and the institutionalization of human rights can be mentioned.
   • It is important to highlight the French Revolution as an important milestone in the history of democracy and citizenship, particularly with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
   • Another point to be discussed is the expansion of suffrage, initially restricted to wealthy men, to include all adult individuals, regardless of gender, race, or social class.

3. Democracy and Citizenship Today (5-7 minutes)

   • The discussion moves to contemporary democracy, where students learn about the different forms of democracy, such as direct, representative, and participatory democracy.
   • The teacher can describe the characteristics of each type of democracy, giving examples of countries that adopt each of these forms.
   • Furthermore, the role of citizens in current democracy can be discussed, including the importance of voting, participation in social movements, and the need to stay informed about political and social issues.

4. Challenges of Democracy (5-7 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should address the challenges faced by democracy in modern times, such as social inequality, corruption, political polarization, and misinformation.
   • It is important to encourage students to think critically about these challenges and reflect on possible solutions for them.
   • The teacher can end this section with a discussion on the importance of civic education for citizenship in shaping a democratic society.

Return (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Connection to the Real World (3-4 minutes)

   • The teacher should encourage students to relate the learned content to the real world, asking questions like: 'How does democracy manifest in our current society?', 'What are the signs of active citizenship that you observe around you?' and 'How do the challenges of democracy affect your daily life?'
   • The teacher can ask students to share examples of democracy and citizenship in action, such as elections, protests, awareness campaigns, etc. These examples help reinforce the relevance of the topic to students' lives and society in general.
   • It is also important for the teacher to mention current events examples, such as the political and social challenges faced by democracies worldwide, to reinforce the relevance of the topic.

2. Reflection Moment (3-4 minutes)

   • The teacher should propose a reflection moment, where students have the opportunity to think about what they have learned. Questions to be answered could be: 'What was the most important concept you learned today?' and 'What questions have not been answered yet?'.
   • This reflection helps students consolidate the acquired knowledge and identify any areas of uncertainty that may require further review or exploration.

3. Lesson Evaluation (3-4 minutes)

   • The teacher can conclude the lesson by asking students to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson and teaching method. This can be done through a quick survey or verbal feedback.
   • Active student participation in this process can help improve the quality of future lessons and increase the effectiveness of learning.

This feedback is crucial to understand how students are absorbing the concepts, which parts need further explanation, and how lessons can be improved in the future.

Conclusion (3 - 5 minutes)

1. Review of Key Concepts (1-2 minutes)

   • The teacher should summarize the main points discussed during the lesson, reinforcing the key concepts of democracy and citizenship.
   • They can emphasize the importance of understanding the historical evolution of democracy, from its origins in Ancient Greece to its various contemporary forms.
   • The critical role of citizens in a democracy should also be highlighted, as well as the rights and responsibilities associated with citizenship.

2. Connection to Practice (1-2 minutes)

   • The teacher should reiterate how the lesson connected theory with practice, highlighting real examples of democracy and citizenship in action.
   • They can remind students how the problem-solving scenarios proposed at the beginning of the lesson relate to the concepts of democracy and citizenship studied.
   • The teacher can also refer to current events, encouraging students to apply what they have learned to understand and analyze these events from a democracy and citizenship perspective.

3. Suggestions for Further Study (1 minute)

   • The teacher can suggest additional materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject. This may include additional readings, documentaries, podcasts, or educational websites.
   • They may recommend, for example, reading classic texts on democracy, such as Plato's 'The Republic,' or documentaries on the evolution of democracy and citizenship, such as the BBC's 'The Story of Democracy.'

4. Subject Applicability (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the relevance of the subject to students' daily lives. They can highlight how understanding democracy and citizenship is crucial for active and informed participation in society.
   • They can mention examples of how knowledge about democracy and citizenship can be applied in daily life, such as voting in elections, participating in social movements, or understanding and analyzing political news.
   • The teacher can end the lesson by reiterating the importance of civic engagement and democratic participation in shaping a just and equitable society.