(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Sociology

During the formation of modern States, the notion of citizenship and the rights and duties of individuals towards the State were reconfigured. T.H. Marshall, in his work 'Citizenship and Social Class,' discusses the evolution of civil, political, and social rights as fundamental to the integration and participation of citizens in democratic life. Considering the historical context and T.H. Marshall's ideas, write an essay discussing the following points: 1. How did the construction of the modern State influence the perception of citizenship and the definition of rights and duties? 2. What is the role of social rights in consolidating full citizenship and how do they relate to the notion of social justice in contemporary times? Select and interpret historical and/or current examples that demonstrate the importance of the interconnection between social rights, citizenship, and social justice in sociopolitical practice.

The idea that the culture of a society is intrinsically linked to its ideological and political structures is central to the understanding of social phenomena. This interconnection has been discussed by various philosophers and sociologists throughout history, who sought to understand how the beliefs and values of a society influence and are influenced by its historical and political context. Karl Marx, for example, argued that the dominant ideology in any society is the ideology of the ruling classes. He wrote: 'The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.' (Karl Marx, 'The German Ideology'). Based on this understanding, analyze the relationship between ideology and culture in contemporary society and discuss how this dynamic can be observed in the interaction between politics and cultural production.

Mass culture, often seen as a set of cultural products produced en masse and consumed by large audiences, can influence and reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors of a society. Considering the impact of new media and technologies, such as social networks and streaming, discuss how these means have shaped and/or challenged contemporary mass culture. Relate your analysis to sociological concepts, such as 'cultural industry' and 'cultural homogenization', and also to a concrete example of a cultural product that illustrates the creation and dissemination process in the digital age.