(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Very Hard of Physics

Explain the concept of entropy and how it is related to the second law of thermodynamics. Give an example of a process that increases the entropy of a system and another example of a process that decreases the entropy. Then, calculate the entropy change of a system that undergoes a change from a gaseous to a liquid state at constant temperature.

A student is observing an object through a converging lens with a focal length of 10 cm. The object is located 40 cm away from the lens. (Consider that the thin lens approximation is valid). Based on this information: 1) Calculate the position of the image formed by the lens. 2) Determine the size of the image relative to the size of the object, knowing that the lens obeys the Gauss equation (1/f = 1/p + 1/p'), where f is the focal distance of the lens, p is the distance from the object to the lens, and p' is the distance from the image to the lens, all measured in cm. Consider that the coordinate system used has its origin at the lens's optical center, with the main axis oriented positively to the right, and that real images have a positive sign and virtual images have a negative sign.

Explain the difference between the mass and weight of an object. How does gravity act on these quantities? And how can this influence the movement of an object on Earth? Give an example.