(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Hard of Philosophy

Philosophy, since its origins in Ancient Greece, seeks to understand and reflect on the fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge, and human existence. Considering this context and the role of philosophy in society, answer: (1) What are the main components of philosophy and its approaches to the study of reality and knowledge? (2) How can understanding the nature of philosophy contribute to the critical analysis of ideas and concepts from different eras and cultures? (3) Mention and briefly discuss an example of a conceptual framework (ethnocentrism, racism, evolution, modernity, cooperativism/development, etc.) and how the philosophical perspective can help in understanding its historical significance.

During an interdisciplinary class that correlated Philosophy and History, a group of 2nd-year high school students was challenged to analyze the influence of philosophical thought on the construction of the concepts of citizenship and democracy throughout history. At a certain point, the discussion focused on the transition from the political thought of Thomas Hobbes to that of John Locke, considering the context of the 17th century and the events that led to the foundation of the first democratic theories. The conversation continued highlighting the role of Philosophy in questioning and reformulating social conceptions, which led to a reflection on the Enlightenment reforms that permeated the same period. In this context, considering the excerpt from the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): 'Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere aude! Dare to know!', and using your knowledge of Enlightenment Philosophy and the historical context of the time, analyze how the ideas of Hobbes and Locke, together with the principle of 'sapere aude', contributed to the formation of a new political paradigm that values the autonomy of the citizen and the establishment of democratic societies.