(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Hard of Philosophy

In the context of political and social philosophy, the term 'modernity' is often associated with a series of economic, political, and cultural transformations that began in Europe from the 15th century onwards and later spread to other continents. According to the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, 'liquid modernity is the type of social order that is capable of changing shape before the shape itself has been fully consolidated.' (Bauman, Z. Liquid Modernity). Considering Bauman's notion of modernity and the historical context of Europe during the Renaissance and the Reformation, analyze the implications of the 'liquidity' of modernity on the aspects of the formation of the modern state and on the social and cultural dynamics that emerged in the transition from feudalism to capitalism.

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, in one of his most well-known works, 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra', presents the concept of the 'Superman' (Übermensch), as a figure to be achieved by man, surpassing his limits and transcending his human condition. This thought is strongly influenced by the historical-cultural context of the 19th century, marked by great scientific and technological advances, as well as profound social and political transformations. Considering this contextualization, how does Nietzsche's idea of the 'Superman' relate to the changes that occurred in the 19th century and what is the impact of this historical context on the formation of this concept?

During Ancient Greece, the philosophical debate on the good, justice, and virtue was fundamental for the organization of the polis, reflecting directly on the political and ethical sphere of society. The thoughts of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle outlined concepts that still influence contemporary ethics. In 'The Republic,' Plato presents the myth of the 'Ring of Gyges' to discuss the relationship between justice and human behavior when one believes to be free from consequences. Imagine that in a modern society, the politics of a country is marked by a series of corruption scandals that shake the citizens' trust in democratic institutions. A group of Philosophy students, including Mathematics students, seeks to understand how the ethical concepts discussed by Plato can shed light on contemporary governance issues. Considering the described scenario and the myth of the 'Ring of Gyges,' analyze how the application of Mathematics can contribute to the objective evaluation of political actions, discussing the interdisciplinarity between Mathematics and Philosophy from the perspective of democratic ethics.