(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Philosophy

Philosophy, since its origins in Ancient Greece, seeks to understand and reflect on the fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge, and human existence. Considering this context and the role of philosophy in society, answer: (1) What are the main components of philosophy and its approaches to the study of reality and knowledge? (2) How can understanding the nature of philosophy contribute to the critical analysis of ideas and concepts from different eras and cultures? (3) Mention and briefly discuss an example of a conceptual framework (ethnocentrism, racism, evolution, modernity, cooperativism/development, etc.) and how the philosophical perspective can help in understanding its historical significance.

In the context of political and social philosophy, the term 'modernity' is often associated with a series of economic, political, and cultural transformations that began in Europe from the 15th century onwards and later spread to other continents. According to the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, 'liquid modernity is the type of social order that is capable of changing shape before the shape itself has been fully consolidated.' (Bauman, Z. Liquid Modernity). Considering Bauman's notion of modernity and the historical context of Europe during the Renaissance and the Reformation, analyze the implications of the 'liquidity' of modernity on the aspects of the formation of the modern state and on the social and cultural dynamics that emerged in the transition from feudalism to capitalism.

During the Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx's political philosophy was forged amidst the social fabric that was transforming with the rise of capitalism and the inhumane working conditions in factories. Marx, in his critical analysis, established the idea that the economic structure of a society influences its set of ideas and institutions, and not the other way around, thus uniting philosophy with sociology and economics. In the contemporary context, the discussion on the relationships between work and value continues, but adapted to the complexities of the digital age, where immaterial work and the valorization of knowledge also become central. In 'Capital', Marx states: 'Capital is not a mere accumulation of commodities, it is essentially value in motion, value that valorizes itself.' Considering Marx's fragment and the proposed interdisciplinarity, analyze how the notion of value in work and the relationship between work and capital can be understood in the light of Marxist philosophy and contemporary economics. Furthermore, discuss how technology and the knowledge economy impact the understanding of work and value in today's society.