(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Philosophy

In contemporary times, the notion of ethics transcends the individual sphere and approaches social and global dynamics, influencing decisions in various areas such as politics, economy, and technology. In this context, the philosopher Hannah Arendt discusses the 'banality of evil', referring to how the lack of critical reflection and the uncritical following of orders can lead to devastating ethical consequences. In her work 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil', Arendt analyzes the trial of Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Holocaust, and argues that he was not a sadist or an individual with malevolent intentions, but rather someone who meticulously followed orders without questioning the moral consequences of his actions. Given the above, and considering Arendt's thinking, what is the relevance of critical thinking in the context of ethical decision-making, especially in hierarchical structures and institutions that demand obedience to norms and protocols?

One of the main objectives of Philosophy is to stimulate critical reflection and the search for understanding of the phenomena and events of the world. To achieve these purposes, philosophers develop questions, inquiries, and arguments, helping to understand reality in a deeper and more comprehensive way. Considering this panorama, which of the following alternatives best describes the concept of Philosophy?