(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Philosophy

During an interdisciplinary class that correlated Philosophy and History, a group of 2nd-year high school students was challenged to analyze the influence of philosophical thought on the construction of the concepts of citizenship and democracy throughout history. At a certain point, the discussion focused on the transition from the political thought of Thomas Hobbes to that of John Locke, considering the context of the 17th century and the events that led to the foundation of the first democratic theories. The conversation continued highlighting the role of Philosophy in questioning and reformulating social conceptions, which led to a reflection on the Enlightenment reforms that permeated the same period. In this context, considering the excerpt from the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): 'Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere aude! Dare to know!', and using your knowledge of Enlightenment Philosophy and the historical context of the time, analyze how the ideas of Hobbes and Locke, together with the principle of 'sapere aude', contributed to the formation of a new political paradigm that values the autonomy of the citizen and the establishment of democratic societies.

In the work 'Nicomachean Ethics', Aristotle discusses ethics as the investigation of character dispositions that lead to the flourishing of human life in society. In a passage, he states: 'Ethics is not a theory, but a practice. We do not seek just to understand what virtue is, but we strive to become good.' Considering the context of ethical debates, especially regarding the formation of values and moral attitudes in contemporary society, evaluate the following hypothetical situation: In a culture where corruption is widely tolerated and even encouraged in various sectors, what ethical strategy could be employed to promote reflection and the adoption of more integral behaviors among individuals, taking into account Aristotle's thoughts on ethical practice and its role in shaping human character?

Comment on the construction of 'hypermodernity' in Lipovetsky's thought, considering the nuances of individualism and consumption in contemporary society.