The substance that, through energetic oxidation, provides one mol of propanone and one mol of ethanoic acid is:

To solve this question, we need to understand what happens during the energetic oxidation of an organic substance and how this leads to the formation of propanone (acetone) and ethanoic acid (acetic acid). Let's follow the steps: 1. Identify the oxidation products: Propanone is a ketone with the formula C3H6O, and ethanoic acid is a carboxylic acid with the formula C2H4O2. 2. Determine the structure of the original substance: For oxidation to result in a ketone and a carboxylic acid, the original substance must have a carbon chain that can be divided in such a way that one of the fragments becomes the ketone and the other the carboxylic acid. 3. Analyze the alternatives: a) pent-2-ene: C5H8, an alkene with five carbons. The complete oxidation of an alkene usually results in carboxylic acids, but not in the combination of products we are looking for. b) methylbutane: C5H12, an alkane with a methyl branch. This is a possibility, as the oxidation of an alkane can result in a ketone and a carboxylic acid if the branching is in the correct position. c) but-2-ene: C4H8, an alkene with four carbons. The oxidation of alkenes generally does not result in ketones. d) methylbut-2-ene: C5H10, a branched alkene. Again, the oxidation of alkenes tends to form carboxylic acids, not ketones. e) 2-methylbut-1-ene: C5H10, another branched alkene. The oxidation would not lead to the formation of the desired products. 4. Check alternative b): If we oxidize methylbutane, which has the structural formula CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)2, we can break the molecule between the second and third carbon. This would result in two fragments: a three-carbon fragment that would become propanone (CH3-CO-CH3) and a two-carbon fragment that would become ethanoic acid (CH3-COOH). 5. Conclude that the correct alternative is b): The energetic oxidation of methylbutane can provide one mol of propanone and one mol of ethanoic acid, as the structure allows the formation of these two specific products after the carbon chain is broken. Therefore, the correct answer is alternative (b) methylbutane.

The pharmaceutical industry uses acyl halides in the synthesis of various medications, due to their reactive properties and characteristics, such as the presence of an acyl group linked to a halogen. Considering this information and your knowledge of organic compounds: (a) identify the general structure of an acyl halide and describe the functional group present; (b) explain the reactivity of acyl halides towards nucleophiles and how this applies to the synthesis of medications; and (c) propose an example of an organic reaction using an acyl halide, naming the reagents and products involved.

The reaction that produces soaps, called saponification reaction, uses as raw material a:

The correct answer to the question is alternative (c) carboxylic acid.

Let's understand why:

The saponification reaction is the process by which soaps are produced. This reaction occurs when a triglyceride (which is a type of fatty acid ester and glycerol) reacts with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), to produce glycerol and the fatty acid salt, which is the soap.

Step by step of the saponification reaction:

1. A triglyceride is composed of three molecules of fatty acids (which are long-chain carboxylic acids) esterified with a molecule of glycerol.

2. The strong base (NaOH or KOH) is added to the mixture, which will react with the fatty acid esters present in the triglyceride.

3. The strong base breaks the ester bonds of the triglyceride, releasing the fatty acids and glycerol.

4. The sodium or potassium ions from the strong base bind to the fatty acids, forming the soap, which is a fatty acid salt.

5. Glycerol is released as a byproduct of the reaction.

Therefore, the essential raw material for the saponification reaction is the carboxylic acid (present in the fatty acids of the triglyceride), and not an inorganic salt. Alternative (c) is correct because carboxylic acids are the reagents that, when reacting with the strong base, form the soap.

The alternative (d) ester is also related to the process, as triglycerides are esters, but the question refers to the raw material, which is the carboxylic acids that make up the ester. The other alternatives (a) alcohol, (b) inorganic salt, and (e) amino acid are not direct reagents in the saponification reaction for soap production.

When a saturated alkane is oxidized, carboxylic acids are formed. Which of these reactions correctly represents this process?

water adds to alkenes to produce alcohols through a process called hydration.

Observe the figure that shows the main reactions with alkenes: Regarding reactions with alkenes, it is correct to state:

Question bank: Organic Reactions: Organic Reaction Problems

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