Objectives (5-7 minutes)

1. Understand the main factors that led to the Russian Revolution, including the social and political situation of the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the effects of the world wars on the Russian people.
2. Analyze the main stages of the Russian Revolution, highlighting the phases of the February Revolution and the October Revolution, as well as the rise of the Bolshevik Party and the fall of czarism.
3. Identify and describe the leaders and ideologies involved in the Russian Revolution, focusing particularly on Vladimir Lenin and the Marxist ideals.
4. Secondary objectives:

• Develop critical thinking skills and historical analysis by evaluating the causes, events, and consequences of the Russian Revolution.
• Foster an understanding of the importance of the Russian Revolution to world history, particularly in relation to the formation of the Soviet Union and the lasting impact of socialism in the 20th century.

Introduction (10-15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher will begin the lesson by briefly reviewing the concepts of feudalism, capitalism, and the rise of the labor movement. This is essential for students to understand the context in which the Russian Revolution occurred and how these factors influenced its unfolding.
2. Problem situations: The teacher will present two situations that will serve as the starting point for the Introduction to the topic. The first is an image of a Russian czar living in luxury while the people suffer, and the second is of Russian soldiers fighting and dying in World War I. These images will serve to provoke questions in the students, such as "Why would the Russian people allow their leader to live this way?" and "Why would they continue to fight in such a devastating war?"
3. Contextualization: The teacher will explain that the Russian Revolution was one of the most significant events of the 20th century, not only transforming Russia but also shaping the course of world history. He may mention that, as a result of the revolution, the Soviet Union became a global superpower and socialism became a dominant ideology in many parts of the world.
4. Introduction of the topic: To capture students' attention, the teacher can share two curiosities about the Russian Revolution. The first is that Lenin, one of the main leaders of the revolution, was transported back to Russia in a sealed train in a deal with the Germans, who hoped that he would overthrow the Russian government and take the country out of the war. The second is that the Russian royal family, the Romanovs, were brutally murdered after the revolution, and their bodies were only discovered in 1979.
5. Lesson objectives: The teacher will inform students that, by the end of the lesson, they will be able to understand the factors that led to the Russian Revolution, describe its main stages, and identify its leaders and ideologies. They will also be able to critically analyze the importance of the revolution to world history.

Development (20-25 minutes)

1. Theory of the Russian Revolution (10-12 minutes):

1.1. Situation in Pre-Revolutionary Russia (3-4 minutes): The teacher will summarize the social, political, and economic situation of Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He will explain that Russia was a predominantly agrarian country, with an impoverished and highly discontented peasant population. He will mention the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II, the rigidity of the Russian social structure, and the country's participation in World War I, which exacerbated internal tensions.

1.2. February Revolution (4-5 minutes): The teacher will discuss the February Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. He will explain that the revolution was led mainly by urban workers and soldiers, who were dissatisfied with the war and the living conditions in Russia. He will also mention the formation of the Provisional Government and the rise of the Soviets, councils of workers and soldiers that became an important political force during the revolution.

1.3. October Revolution (3-4 minutes): The teacher will go on to discuss the October Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seizing power. He will explain that the Bolsheviks promised "Peace, Bread, and Land" - peace from war, bread for the hungry, and land for the peasants. He will also mention the fall of the Provisional Government and the formation of the new socialist government.

2. Ideologies and Leaders of the Russian Revolution (5-7 minutes):

2.1. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks (2-3 minutes): The teacher will discuss the leadership of Vladimir Lenin and the Marxist-Leninist ideology. He will explain that Lenin believed that the proletarian revolution could occur in an agrarian country like Russia, and that the Bolshevik Party should lead this revolution. He will also discuss the implementation of War Communism, a series of radical economic measures designed to move Russia towards socialism.

2.2. Other Leaders and Ideologies (2-3 minutes): The teacher will briefly mention other leaders of the Russian Revolution, such as Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin, and their ideologies. He will explain that Trotsky was a close ally of Lenin and a talented military leader, while Stalin emerged as a powerful leader after Lenin's death and implemented a number of authoritarian policies.

3. Consequences of the Russian Revolution (3-5 minutes): The teacher will discuss the consequences of the Russian Revolution. He will explain that the revolution resulted in the formation of the Soviet Union, a socialist state that became a global superpower. He will also mention the Russian Civil War, which occurred after the revolution and resulted in the deaths of millions of people. In addition, he will discuss the lasting impact of socialism, both in Russia and around the world.

4. Discussion and Questions (3-4 minutes): At the end of the theoretical part, the teacher will encourage students to ask questions and discuss what they have learned so far. This will allow the teacher to assess students' understanding and provide additional clarification if needed.

Return (8-10 minutes)

1. Review and Connection to Practice (3-4 minutes): The teacher will begin the closing of the class by reviewing the main points covered during the class, recalling the factors that led to the Russian Revolution, the stages of the revolutionary process, the leaders involved and the consequences of the event. Next, the teacher will make a connection between these points and historical practice, highlighting how the Russian Revolution is a concrete example of how political and social ideas can shape the course of history. He can also highlight how the events of the Russian Revolution relate to other historical events, such as World War I and the formation of the Soviet Union.

2. Individual Reflection (2-3 minutes): The teacher will ask students to do a brief individual reflection on what they have learned. He can ask questions like "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions still remain unanswered?" Students will have a minute to think about these questions silently.

3. Sharing Reflections (2-3 minutes): After the reflection time, the teacher will ask some students to share their responses with the class. This will allow students to learn from each other and will also provide the teacher with feedback on what students understood and what questions may still exist.

4. Next Steps (1-2 minutes): To close the lesson, the teacher will inform students of what they can expect for the next class. He might mention that the next class will delve into the formation and functioning of the Soviet Union, or he might introduce a new topic related to the Russian Revolution, such as the Cold War. This will help keep students engaged and prepare them for what is coming next.

5. Feedback on the Lesson (1-2 minutes): Finally, the teacher can ask students for some quick feedback on the lesson. He can ask what they liked, what they found difficult, and what they would like to learn more about. This will not only provide the teacher with valuable information to adjust future classes, but will also help foster an open and collaborative learning environment.

Conclusion (5-7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2-3 minutes): The teacher will summarize the main points covered during the lesson, recalling the factors that led to the Russian Revolution, the stages of the revolutionary process, the leaders involved and the consequences of the event. This summary will help to consolidate the knowledge acquired by the students and remind them of the most important topics.

2. Connection of Theory with Practice (1-2 minutes): The teacher will explain how the class connected historical theory with practice. He can mention how the analysis of the social and political conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia helped to understand the reasons for the revolution, or how the study of the leaders and ideologies involved in the revolution illustrated the influence of personalities in history. This connection will help students to realize the relevance and applicability of historical knowledge.

3. Supplementary Materials (1-2 minutes): The teacher will suggest some reading or viewing materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of the Russian Revolution. This may include books, documentaries, history websites, and articles from academic journals. For example, the teacher might recommend the reading of "Ten Days that Shook the World" by John Reed, an American journalist who witnessed the October Revolution, or the documentary "The Russian Revolution" by PBS. These supplementary materials will allow students to explore the Russian Revolution in more detail and from different perspectives.

4. Importance of the Topic (1 minute): Finally, the teacher will emphasize the importance of the topic to the understanding of world history. He can mention that the Russian Revolution not only transformed Russia but also had a profound impact on the geopolitics of the 20th century, on the formation of the Soviet Union, and on the spread of socialism. Additionally, he can highlight how the Russian Revolution vividly illustrates the conflicts and social and political transformations that characterized the 20th century. This emphasis on the importance of the topic will help to motivate students to continue learning about history and to understand the relevance of what they are learning.