Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the Geography of Russia and Ukraine: Students should be able to differentiate the geographical aspects of these two countries, such as location, territorial extension, climate, relief, natural resources, among others.

2. Analyze the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine: Students should be able to understand the causes and consequences of the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, as well as the impacts of these conflicts on world geopolitics.

3. Develop Critical Thinking: Through the study of this topic, students should be encouraged to develop critical thinking skills, being able to analyze different perspectives and form their own opinions on the subject.

Secondary Objectives:

• Stimulate Classroom Debate: Promote discussions and debates in the classroom, encouraging active student participation.

• Encourage Research and Autonomous Study: In addition to classroom discussions, students will be encouraged to conduct research and autonomous studies on the topic, further deepening their knowledge of the Geography of Russia and Ukraine and the conflicts between these countries.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Content Review: The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing key concepts about the geography of Europe and the geopolitical importance of this continent. Additionally, it is recommended to briefly review the current world geopolitical situation, highlighting the existence of conflicts in different parts of the world, and the importance of understanding these conflicts for the formation of a global awareness.

2. Problem Situations: The teacher should present two situations that will instigate students' curiosity and serve as the basis for the Introduction of the topic. For example: "Imagine you are a political leader of a European country and need to decide whether to support Russia or Ukraine in a conflict. What factors would you take into consideration to make that decision?" and "Suppose you are a geographer and need to draw the map of Europe. How would you represent Russia and Ukraine on your map, considering their geographical and political aspects?".

3. Contextualization: The teacher should contextualize the importance of the topic, explaining how the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine have an impact not only on these countries but also on world geopolitics. It can be mentioned, for example, the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 and the ongoing tensions in the region, which affect the relations between Russia and the European Union, and between Russia and the United States.

4. Engage Students' Attention: To arouse students' interest, the teacher can share curiosities and interesting facts about Russia and Ukraine. For example, it can be mentioned that Russia is the largest country in the world in territorial extension, occupying about 1/8 of the Earth's land area, and that Ukraine is the largest country entirely located in Europe. Additionally, it can be discussed the importance of Ukraine in European history, such as the location of the principality of Kiev, which is considered the predecessor of the Russian state. Another curiosity is that Russia and Ukraine are two of the world's largest wheat producers, and the dispute over Crimea is also related to issues of natural resource control.

5. Introduction of the Topic: After the content review and contextualization, the teacher should introduce the topic of the lesson: "Today, we will study the geography of Russia and Ukraine, and understand the conflicts that exist between these two countries. We will analyze the causes and consequences of these conflicts, and think about how they affect world geopolitics. For this, we will work with maps, texts, videos, and debates in the classroom.".

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity - "The Russian-Ukrainian Confrontation on the Board": This activity consists of a board game developed by the teacher, which represents the geopolitical situation of the confrontation between Russia and Ukraine. The board should be divided into regions, each representing a geographical aspect or a natural resource (for example, one region can represent Crimea, another the Donbas region, another the Ukrainian wheat fields, etc). Students will be divided into groups and each will represent a country: Russia or Ukraine. The goal of the game is to conquer as many regions as possible, using arguments based on geography and geopolitical aspects of the confrontation. At the end of the game, students should be able to understand how geography and natural resources are related to the conflict, and how these factors influence the region's geopolitics.

   • Activity Preparation: The teacher should prepare the game in advance, creating the board and the game rules. Additionally, the teacher should prepare supporting material, such as informative cards about each region of the board, highlighting their geographical and geopolitical aspects. The teacher should also prepare a script of questions and arguments that can be used by students during the game, to guide the discussion and ensure that relevant aspects of the conflict are addressed.

2. Activity - "Debate: The Russian-Ukrainian Crisis and World Geopolitics": In this activity, students will be divided into groups and each group will receive a different point of view to defend: Russia, Ukraine, European Union, United States. The teacher should provide research material on the position of each of these actors in the conflict, and students will have time to prepare. Then, the groups will debate, presenting their arguments and counter-arguing the views of the other groups. The teacher should act as a moderator, ensuring that the debate is respectful and productive, and guiding the discussion so that the geographical and geopolitical aspects of the conflict are addressed.

   • Activity Preparation: The teacher should prepare the research material, which may include articles, news, videos, maps, among others. Additionally, the teacher should prepare a script of questions to guide the debate, ensuring that relevant aspects of the conflict are addressed. The teacher should also define the debate rules, such as the speaking time for each group, and the conduct rules, such as respect for the views of others.

3. Activity - "Conflict Map": In this activity, students will create a map representing the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine. Each group will receive a blank map and a set of markers of different colors. Each color of marker will represent an aspect of the conflict: territory, natural resources, ethnic groups, international relations, etc. Students should research and identify on the map the locations related to each aspect of the conflict, and mark these locations with the corresponding markers. At the end of the activity, students will have a visual map that represents the complexity and multiplicity of factors involved in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

   • Activity Preparation: The teacher should prepare the blank maps and the markers. Additionally, the teacher should prepare the research material, which may include maps, texts, videos, among others, that will help students identify the locations related to each aspect of the conflict.

At the end of the development of the activities, the teacher should promote a classroom discussion so that students can share their perceptions and learnings. The teacher should guide the discussion, highlighting the most relevant points and reinforcing the concepts and skills that were worked on during the activities.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should promote a group discussion, where each team shares their solutions or conclusions from the activities carried out. Each group should have a maximum of 3 minutes to present, ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to speak. During the presentations, the teacher should encourage other students to ask questions and make comments, thus promoting a collaborative and critical learning environment.

   • Discussion Preparation: The teacher should prepare some guiding questions for the discussion, ensuring that the geographical and geopolitical aspects of the conflict are addressed. Additionally, the teacher should prepare constructive comments and feedback for each group, which will be provided after the presentations.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes): After the presentations, the teacher should make the connection between the practical activities and the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson. The teacher should highlight how the activities allowed students to apply and deepen their knowledge of the geography of Russia and Ukraine, and the conflicts between these countries. Additionally, the teacher should emphasize how the activities developed important skills, such as critical thinking, argumentation, teamwork, among others.

   • Preparation for Connection with Theory: The teacher should review the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson and identify the points that were addressed during the activities. Additionally, the teacher should prepare examples and explanations that illustrate the connection between theory and practice.

3. Individual Reflection (3 - 4 minutes): To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students reflect individually on what they have learned. The teacher should ask questions such as: "What was the most important concept you learned today?", "What questions have not been answered yet?" and "How can you apply what you learned today in other situations?".

   • Preparation for Individual Reflection: The teacher should prepare the reflection questions in advance, ensuring that they are relevant and stimulate students to think critically about what they have learned. Additionally, the teacher should be prepared to listen to students' answers and be ready to respond to any questions that may arise.

At the end of the lesson, the teacher should reinforce the importance of continuous study and autonomous research to deepen understanding of the topic. The teacher should also provide guidance on study materials and homework related to the lesson topic.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Content Summary (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should recap the main points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the key concepts and conclusions reached during the activities. The importance of understanding the geography of Russia and Ukraine to comprehend the conflicts between these countries and world geopolitics should be recalled. Additionally, the teacher should highlight the skills developed during the activities, such as critical thinking, argumentation, teamwork, among others.

   • Content Summary Preparation: The teacher should prepare a brief summary of the main points of the lesson, ensuring that all key concepts are mentioned. Additionally, the teacher should prepare examples and illustrations that help reinforce the main points.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. It should be emphasized how the activities allowed students to apply and deepen their knowledge of the geography of Russia and Ukraine, and the conflicts between these countries. Additionally, the teacher should highlight how this knowledge can be applied in other situations, both in the school context and in everyday life.

   • Preparation for Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications: The teacher should review the lesson and identify the points that connect theory, practice, and applications. Additionally, the teacher should prepare examples and explanations that illustrate this connection.

3. Extra Materials (1 minute): The teacher should suggest extra study materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the topic. These materials may include books, articles, documentaries, news websites, among others. The teacher should also encourage students to conduct autonomous research and studies, and to bring their findings to the next lessons.

   • Preparation of Extra Materials: The teacher should prepare a list of extra study materials that are relevant and accessible to students. Additionally, the teacher should prepare a brief description of each material, explaining why it is relevant and what students can expect to learn from it.

4. Importance of the Topic (1 - 2 minutes): To conclude the lesson, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the topic studied for everyday life and for the students' formation as global citizens. It should be explained how understanding the geography of Russia and Ukraine and the conflicts between these countries can help students better understand world geopolitics, make informed decisions as citizens, and develop a critical and empathetic view of the world.

   • Preparation for the Importance of the Topic: The teacher should prepare a list of points that illustrate the importance of the topic, ensuring that they are clear, relevant, and accessible to students. Additionally, the teacher should prepare examples and explanations that help illustrate the importance of the topic.