Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding the historical context of Italian and German Unification: Students should be able to describe the main events and characters that led to the unification of these two countries. This includes analyzing the political disputes, military actions, and social movements that contributed to unification.

2. Identifying the consequences of Italian and German Unification: Students should be able to discuss and identify the social, political, and economic changes that occurred after the unification of each country. This includes analyzing the transformations in the power structure, the economy, and society in general.

3. Comparing Italian and German Unification: Students should be able to differentiate between the unification processes of these two countries, pointing out similarities and differences. This includes evaluating the strategies adopted, the obstacles faced, and the goals proposed in each case.

Secondary Objectives:

• Development of historical research and analysis skills: Through the study of these unification processes, students will have the opportunity to improve their research, reading comprehension, and critical analysis of historical sources.

• Encouraging critical thinking and reflection on the past: By analyzing the unification processes, students will be encouraged to reflect on the impacts of historical events on the present and to develop a critical view of history and the world around them.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher begins the class by reminding students about the concepts of nationalism and revolutions in the 19th century, which were discussed in previous classes. These concepts are fundamental to understanding the process of Italian and German unification. (3-5 minutes)

2. Presentation of problem situations:

   • The teacher poses the following question: "How can the unification of a country affect its economy, politics, and society?". The objective is to get students to reflect on the possible consequences of unification, setting the stage for the subsequent discussion on the consequences of Italian and German unification. (3-5 minutes)

   • The teacher then presents the following situation: "Imagine that you are a revolutionary leader in the 19th century. How would you plan the unification of your country? What would be the main challenges and how would you overcome them?". This activity aims to stimulate critical thinking and empathy, allowing students to better understand the challenges and strategies involved in the Italian and German unification processes. (3-5 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher highlights the importance of studying Italian and German unification, emphasizing how these processes shaped modern Europe and influenced subsequent historical events, such as the two world wars. In addition, the teacher can mention contemporary examples of separatist and unification movements, showing the relevance of the theme to understanding the current world. (3-5 minutes)

4. Gaining attention:

   • To arouse students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities about the Italian and German unification processes. For example, the complexity and cultural diversity of Italy, which before unification was divided into several kingdoms and states; and the importance of Otto von Bismarck's role in German unification, who became known as the "Iron Chancellor". (2-3 minutes)

   • The teacher can also show images or videos of historical sites related to Italian and German unification, such as the Quirinale Palace in Rome, which was the seat of many pre-unification governments, and Bismarck's Palace in Berlin, where Otto von Bismarck lived during his political career. (2-3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Simulation Activity: "Unification Game" (10 - 15 minutes)

   • Group Division: The teacher divides the class into two groups, each representing one of the unification processes (Italian and German). Each group must choose a leader and the other students will be "advisors".

   • Preparation: The teacher provides the groups with basic information about the historical context, the main characters, and the challenges faced during the unification processes. The groups then have time to discuss and develop a strategic plan for the unification of their country.

   • Game: The groups present their plans and then "play" the unification. The teacher presents a series of events and challenges (e.g., internal conflicts, external pressures, economic issues, etc.), and the groups must decide how to deal with each situation. The objective is to stimulate critical thinking, decision-making, and understanding of the challenges of unification processes.

   • Discussion: At the end of the game, the teacher leads a class discussion, comparing the strategies adopted by the groups with historical reality. This allows students to perceive the complexity and dilemmas involved in unification, in addition to reinforcing learning.

2. Concept Map Activity (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher suggests that the students, individually or in pairs, create a concept map about the Italian and German unification processes. The map should include the main events, characters, strategies, conflicts, and consequences of each process.

   • The teacher provides the students with the necessary resources for the activity (paper, colored pencils, markers, etc.) and guidance on how to organize the information on the concept map.

   • After creating the maps, the students are invited to present their work to the class. This allows for a fun and interactive review of the content, in addition to promoting collaborative learning and developing presentation skills.

3. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher proposes a group discussion on the consequences of Italian and German unification. Students are encouraged to share their opinions and relate the historical consequences to the present world.

   • The teacher guides the discussion by asking questions that stimulate critical thinking and reflection, such as "How did Italian and German unification influence the formation of modern states?", "What were the main challenges faced after unification and how were they overcome?" and "What are the lessons we can learn from these unification processes?".

   • At the end of the discussion, the teacher summarizes the main points discussed, reinforcing the key concepts and clarifying possible doubts.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 5 minutes)

   • The teacher gathers the class and begins a discussion on the solutions or conclusions reached by each group during the "Unification Game" simulation activity. Each group has up to 3 minutes to share their strategies and explain the reasons behind their decisions.

   • During the presentations, the teacher should encourage students to ask questions and make comments, promoting an open and respectful discussion environment.

   • After all the presentations, the teacher summarizes the main points raised, highlighting the different approaches of the groups and their relationships with historical reality.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher then makes the connection between the activities carried out and the theory studied. He highlights how the "Unification Game" simulation activity allowed students to better understand the challenges and strategies of the Italian and German unification processes, and how the Concept Map activity helped to organize and review theoretical content.

   • The teacher can also mention examples from the group discussions that illustrate important theoretical concepts, reinforcing the relevance of practical learning and application of knowledge.

3. Final Reflection (3 - 5 minutes)

   • The teacher suggests that the students reflect individually on the class, mentally answering the following questions:

     1. What was the most important concept learned today?
     2. What questions have not yet been answered?

   • The teacher gives the students a minute to think about the questions and then asks for some volunteers to share their answers with the class. This provides the teacher with immediate feedback on the effectiveness of the lesson and allows students to express their doubts or difficulties.

   • The teacher ends the class by emphasizing the main points learned and encouraging students to continue exploring the topic at home, through additional reading or independent research.

The Return stage is crucial for consolidating learning, promoting reflection on the learning process, and identifying possible gaps in students' understanding. In addition, it reinforces the importance of feedback and continuous assessment in the teaching-learning process.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Content Review (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher summarizes the main points covered during the class, reminding students about the Italian and German unification processes, the historical contexts, the main characters, the strategies adopted, the challenges faced, and the consequences of these unifications.

   • The teacher can use the concept map created by the students during the class to assist in the review, pointing out the different elements and connections present on the map.

   • It is important that the teacher reinforces the key concepts and clarifies any remaining doubts of the students.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher explains how the practical activities carried out during the class, such as the "Unification Game" and the creation of the concept map, allowed students to apply theoretical concepts in a practical and concrete way.

   • The teacher also highlights how the study of Italian and German unification has applications in the real world, such as understanding the processes of formation of modern states, the influence of these unifications on subsequent historical events, and the relevance of nationalism and revolutions of the 19th century.

3. Supplementary Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher suggests some additional study materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject. This can include books, documentaries, websites, academic articles, among others.

   • Some examples of materials may be: the book "Risorgimento: The Unification of Italy" by Christopher Duggan, the documentary "The Fall of Otto von Bismarck" by the History Channel, and the BBC website that offers a series of articles and resources on Italian and German unification.

4. Importance of the Subject in Daily Life (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher emphasizes the importance of studying Italian and German unification for the students' daily lives, showing how past historical events have shaped the world we live in today.

   • The teacher can cite concrete examples, such as the influence of unification processes on the formation of modern states, the relevance of nationalism and revolutions of the 19th century for understanding current conflicts, and the importance of reflecting on the past for building a more just and equitable future.