Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of a pedigree chart and its importance in the study of human genetics.
2. Learn to interpret a pedigree chart, identifying inheritance patterns and the possible genotypes of the individuals represented.
3. Develop problem-solving skills, applying the acquired knowledge to solve practical questions involving pedigree charts.

Secondary Objectives:

• Foster critical and analytical thinking in students, encouraging them to question and seek answers through the interpretation of genetic data.
• Stimulate collaboration and group discussion, promoting the exchange of ideas and cooperative learning.
• Encourage research and independent study, motivating students to seek more information on the topic beyond what was presented in the classroom.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing basic genetics concepts, such as genes, chromosomes, alleles, phenotypes, and genotypes. It is important for students to have a solid foundation in these concepts to adequately understand the lesson topic. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem-based scenarios: The teacher presents two situations involving the use of pedigree charts:

   • First situation: A family with a history of a rare genetic disease seeks a geneticist to understand the probability of their descendants also inheriting the disease.
   • Second situation: A couple plans to have children and wants to understand the probability of them inheriting certain physical characteristics, such as eye color, hair type, among others.

   These situations aim to spark students' interest and demonstrate the practical applicability of the content to be covered. (5 - 7 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that the study of pedigree charts is essential for understanding and predicting how genetic traits are transmitted from generation to generation. This can have important implications in the prevention and treatment of genetic diseases, in selecting desirable traits in genetic improvement programs, among others. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic: Finally, the teacher introduces the concept of a pedigree chart, explaining that it is a graphical representation of the transmission of genetic traits through the generations of a family. The teacher may illustrate this idea with simple examples of pedigree charts and explain that, although it may seem complex at first, with practice and understanding of basic genetics concepts, interpreting pedigree charts becomes easier. (3 - 5 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory: Pedigree Chart Concept (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher explains that a pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next in a family.
   • The teacher describes the elements of a pedigree chart, such as: individuals (represented by symbols), connecting lines (indicating family relationships), fill patterns (representing specific genetic traits), and the legends used.
   • The teacher demonstrates how to construct a simple pedigree chart, starting with a couple of parents and their children, and then adding subsequent generations.
   • The teacher emphasizes that the correct construction and interpretation of a pedigree chart require a solid understanding of basic genetics concepts.

2. Theory: Inheritance Patterns in Pedigree Charts (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher introduces the different inheritance patterns that can be observed in a pedigree chart, including: autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, sex-linked inheritance, and mitochondrial inheritance.
   • For each type of inheritance, the teacher describes the typical characteristics of the fill pattern in the pedigree chart, and explores the genetic and phenotypic implications of that pattern.
   • The teacher uses concrete examples to illustrate each type of inheritance, and encourages students to ask questions and share their own observations.

3. Theory: Interpretation of Pedigree Charts (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher explains that interpreting a pedigree chart involves analyzing fill patterns and identifying the genotypes of the individuals represented.
   • The teacher describes general strategies that can be used to interpret a pedigree chart, including: identifying affected and unaffected individuals, determining the inheritance pattern, and predicting genotypes and phenotypes in future generations.
   • The teacher uses practical examples to demonstrate the application of these strategies, and provides immediate feedback to students to help them develop their interpretation skills.

4. Practice: Problem Solving with Pedigree Charts (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher hands out a series of pedigree charts to the students and asks them to work in pairs to interpret the charts and answer a series of questions.
   • The questions should cover a variety of concepts and skills, from identifying affected and unaffected individuals to predicting genotypes and phenotypes in future generations.
   • The teacher circulates around the room, providing support and guidance as needed, and encourages students to discuss their answers and problemsolving strategies.

This step-by-step approach will allow students to acquire a deep understanding of the concept of a pedigree chart, as well as the skills needed to interpret and solve problems with pedigree charts. Furthermore, the flipped classroom approach, with theoretical presentation followed by guided practice, is designed to maximize retention and application of knowledge.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should facilitate a group discussion so that students can share their solutions and conclusions about the pedigree charts they worked on. This allows students to learn from each other and see different approaches to problem solving. The teacher should guide the discussion to ensure that key concepts are addressed and that students understand the material correctly.

2. Connection to Theory (3 - 5 minutes): After the group discussion, the teacher should review the main theoretical points covered in the lesson and show how they connect to practice. For example, the teacher can review the different inheritance patterns and how they were applied in interpreting the pedigree charts. This helps reinforce learning and consolidate students' understanding of the topic.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should then prompt students to reflect individually on what they learned in the lesson. The teacher can ask questions such as: What was the most important concept you learned today? What questions have not been answered yet? Students should write down their answers and share them with the class if they feel comfortable. This reflection helps students process information and identify any gaps in their understanding.

4. Teacher Feedback (2 - 3 minutes): Finally, the teacher should provide overall feedback on the lesson, highlighting strengths and areas that need improvement. The teacher should praise students' efforts, encourage them to continue practicing and studying the material, and clarify any misunderstandings or confusion that may have arisen during the lesson. The teacher can also suggest additional resources for independent study, such as books, articles, videos, among others.

This Feedback is essential to consolidate learning, clarify doubts, and ensure that students have understood the material properly. Furthermore, by promoting discussion and reflection, the teacher is encouraging students to become active and autonomous learners, capable of thinking critically and applying their knowledge effectively.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher recaps the key points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the concept of a pedigree chart, the different inheritance patterns, and the strategies for interpreting and solving problems with pedigree charts. This helps consolidate the knowledge acquired by students and remind them of the most important points.

2. Theory-Practice Connection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher demonstrates how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications of pedigree charts. For example, the teacher can recall the problem-based scenarios presented at the beginning of the lesson and show how the theoretical concepts discussed were applied to solve these problems. This helps show students the relevance and usefulness of what they have learned.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher suggests some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of pedigree charts. These materials may include reference books, scientific articles, educational videos, genetics websites, among others. For example, the teacher may recommend a video that shows the step-by-step construction and interpretation of pedigree charts, or an article that explores a real case of problem solving with pedigree charts. This encourages students to continue learning outside the classroom and allows them to explore the topic according to their own interests and pace of learning.

4. Importance of the Topic (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher highlights the importance of knowledge of pedigree charts for everyday life and for society as a whole. For example, the teacher may mention how understanding inheritance patterns can help prevent genetic diseases, or how interpreting pedigree charts is essential for forensic genetics and paternity determination. This helps motivate students by showing them that what they are learning has practical applications and real impact in the world.