Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the structure and function of chromosomes: Students should be able to describe the basic structure of chromosomes, including genes and DNA. They should also understand the function of chromosomes in storing and transmitting genetic information.

2. Differentiate chromosomes from different species: Students should be able to identify and compare chromosomes from different species, highlighting the differences and similarities. This will help solidify the concept that chromosomes are unique to each species.

3. Relate chromosomes to hereditary traits: Students should be able to explain how chromosomes are related to hereditary traits. They should understand that the combination of chromosomes from both parents determines an individual's characteristics.

Secondary Objectives:

• Stimulate critical thinking: Throughout the lesson, students should be encouraged to ask questions and develop critical thinking about the topic, deepening their understanding.

• Promote active learning: Students should be actively engaged in learning through practical activities and group discussions. This will allow them to apply what they have learned in a meaningful way.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing basic genetics concepts, such as DNA, genes, alleles, and heredity. This is essential for students to fully understand the lesson topic - chromosomes. The teacher can use illustrations, diagrams, or three-dimensional models to aid in the review. (3 - 4 minutes)

2. Problem-based scenarios: The teacher presents two problem-based scenarios to spark students' interest and curiosity:

   • Scenario 1: "Why do children resemble their parents? And why do they sometimes resemble one parent more than the other?".
   • Scenario 2: "How can a plant species have a different color from another?". (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that understanding chromosomes is crucial to comprehend how traits are inherited and how genetic variation occurs in different species. This can be applied in various contexts, such as in medicine to understand genetic diseases, in agriculture to improve crop production, among others. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic: The teacher introduces the topic of chromosomes, explaining that they are the structures that carry genes, which are the basic units of heredity. The teacher also mentions that chromosomes are found in pairs in most human body cells, except in reproductive cells. To capture students' attention, the teacher can share some curiosities:

   • Curiosity 1: "Did you know that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, while some plant species have over 1,000 pairs of chromosomes?".
   • Curiosity 2: "And what about the fact that, in the animal kingdom, the record for the highest number of chromosomes belongs to the beetle species with 148,000 chromosomes?". (3 - 4 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity "Building Chromosomes" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher divides the class into groups of 4 to 5 students. Then, provides each group with a kit of materials that includes threads of various colors, beads of different sizes and colors, and a paper with an image of chromosomes to serve as a guide.

   • Development: The teacher explains that each group should build a chromosome model using the provided materials. The model should represent a pair of human homologous chromosomes. The threads represent the DNA double helix, the beads represent the genes, and the different colors of the beads represent different alleles.

   • Discussion: After completing the activity, each group should present their model to the class. The teacher should lead a discussion, highlighting the similarities and differences between the models and reinforcing the idea that chromosomes are unique to each species.

2. Activity "Chromosome Game" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher provides each group with a set of cards. Each card represents a specific gene that can have different alleles.

   • Development: The teacher explains that each group should use the cards to create a gene sequence that will determine the characteristics of an "individual". The teacher can provide some characteristics for the groups to work on, such as eye color, height, hair color, etc.

   • Discussion: After completing the activity, each group should present the gene sequence they created and the characteristics that these genes determine. The teacher should lead a discussion, highlighting how the combination of chromosomes from both parents determines an individual's characteristics.

3. Activity "Chromosomes in Different Species" (5 - 6 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher provides each group with a series of images of chromosomes from different species (humans, plants, animals, etc.).

   • Development: The teacher asks each group to identify the differences and similarities between the chromosomes of different species. Students can use the chromosome images and the knowledge acquired during the lesson to complete the task.

   • Discussion: After completing the activity, each group should share their findings with the class. The teacher should lead a discussion, highlighting the differences and similarities between the chromosomes of different species.

These practical and interactive activities are designed to actively engage students in learning, promoting understanding of the topic and the development of skills such as teamwork, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher gathers all students and initiates a group discussion session. Each group has up to 3 minutes to share the solutions or conclusions they reached during the activities.
   • The teacher should encourage all students to participate, prompting them to ask questions and express their opinions. This helps create a collaborative learning environment and deepens understanding of the topic.
   • During the discussion, the teacher should ask targeted questions to ensure that students are understanding the connection between the activities and the concept of chromosomes. For example: "How did the chromosome building activity help you understand the structure and function of chromosomes?" or "What did you learn about heredity through the Chromosome Game?".

2. Learning Verification (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher then briefly reviews the key points covered during the lesson, highlighting the structure of chromosomes, their function in heredity, and the differences between chromosomes of different species.
   • To verify students' learning, the teacher asks some quick questions. For example: "What are the main parts of a chromosome?" or "How are chromosomes related to the inheritance of traits?".
   • The teacher should pay attention to students' responses and clarify any misunderstandings that may arise. It is important for students to feel comfortable expressing their doubts, and for the teacher to be attentive to correct any misconceptions.

3. Individual Reflection (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher suggests that students reflect individually on what they learned during the lesson. They can take notes in a notebook or a digital document.
   • The teacher guides the reflection with questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" or "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • The teacher emphasizes that students' reflections are valuable to guide future lessons and deepen understanding of the topic.
   • At the end of the reflection time, the teacher may ask for some volunteers to share their reflections with the class. This can help consolidate learning and inspire additional questions and discussions.

This Feedback is a crucial step to consolidate learning, clarify doubts, and stimulate students' curiosity. Furthermore, by promoting individual reflection, the teacher gives students the opportunity to become more aware of their own learning process.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher summarizes the key points covered during the lesson, recalling the structure of chromosomes, their function in heredity, and the differences between chromosomes of different species.
   • The teacher may use visual resources, such as slides or diagrams, to aid in the recapitulation and reinforce the learned concepts.
   • The teacher should ensure that students have understood the fundamental concepts before moving on to the next stage.

2. Connection to Theory and Practice (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher highlights how the practical activities carried out during the lesson helped illustrate and solidify the theoretical concepts of chromosomes.
   • The teacher can briefly recall the activities "Building Chromosomes", "Chromosome Game", and "Chromosomes in Different Species", pointing out how each contributed to the understanding of chromosomes.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher suggests extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge about chromosomes. These may include scientific articles, educational videos, interactive games, or science museum websites featuring virtual exhibitions on the topic.
   • The teacher can share the links to these materials through an online learning platform or send them via email to the students.

4. Practical Applications (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher emphasizes the importance of chromosomes in real life, explaining how knowledge about them is crucial in various fields, such as medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, among others.
   • The teacher can provide examples of how understanding chromosomes can be applied, such as in diagnosing genetic diseases, creating new crop varieties, conserving endangered species, among others.

This Conclusion serves to consolidate learning, reinforce the importance of the topic, and encourage students to continue exploring the subject on their own. Additionally, by highlighting practical applications, the teacher helps make the content more relevant and meaningful to students.