Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of electric potential: Students should be able to define what electric potential is and how it is calculated. They should also understand the difference between electric potential and potential difference.

2. Apply the formula for electric potential: Students should be able to apply the formula for electric potential to solve practical problems. They should understand the relationship between electric charge, distance, and electric potential.

3. Solve problems involving electric potential: Students should be able to solve problems involving the calculation of electric potential. To do this, they should apply the formula, perform the necessary operations, and interpret the results.

Secondary objectives:

• Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills: Through the study of electric potential, students will have the opportunity to develop these essential skills, which are applicable in various areas of knowledge.

• Promote active learning and classroom participation: The lesson plan includes several practical activities and group discussions aimed at promoting active student participation in the learning process.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review basic concepts: The teacher will start the lesson by briefly reviewing the concepts of electric charge and potential difference, which are fundamental to understanding the topic of the lesson. This can be done through quick questions to the students, such as: "What is electric charge?" and "What is potential difference?".

2. Present problem situations: Next, the teacher will present two problem situations that will help introduce the concept of electric potential. For example: "Why is a lightning rod more effective when it is taller?" and "Why is it dangerous to touch a bare wire, but safe to touch a lit light bulb?". These questions should stimulate the curiosity of the students and prepare them for the content that will be presented.

3. Contextualize the importance of the subject: The teacher will explain that the study of electric potential is crucial for us to understand aspects of our daily lives, such as the operation of electronic devices, the generation of electric power, and even the occurrence of lightning. Examples of how electric potential is applied in practice can be mentioned, such as in the construction of electric circuits and in the generation of energy in hydroelectric power plants.

4. Introduce the topic with curiosities: To further arouse the students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities about electric potential. For example, they can mention that the concept of electric potential was introduced by Michael Faraday, one of the greatest physicists in history. Another interesting curiosity is that electric potential is a scalar quantity, meaning it has no defined direction, unlike the electric field.

5. Lesson objectives: Finally, the teacher will present the Learning Objectives of the lesson, which include understanding the concept of electric potential, applying the formula for electric potential, and solving problems involving this quantity.

Development (25 - 30 minutes)

1. Modeling activity: building an electric field model (10 - 12 minutes):

   • Divide the class into groups of 4 or 5 students and provide each group with a sheet of paper, some fictitious electric charges (such as small pieces of aluminum foil), and a piece of string.
   • Explain to the students that they need to create a model of an electric field using the electric charges and the string. The electric charges should represent positive and negative charges, and the string the field lines.
   • The students should work together to position the electric charges on the sheet and tie the string between them, so that it follows the direction of the field lines.
   • At the end, each group should present their model to the class, explaining how the electric charges and the string represent the electric field.

2. Problem-solving activity: calculating electric potential (10 - 12 minutes):

   • After the modeling activity, the teacher should distribute to each group a series of problems involving the calculation of electric potential.
   • The problems should vary in difficulty and involve different aspects of calculating electric potential, such as the variation of potential with distance and charge.
   • The students should work together to solve the problems, applying the formula for electric potential and performing the necessary operations.
   • The teacher should circulate around the classroom, assisting groups that encounter difficulties and encouraging discussion and exchange of ideas among the students.

3. Simulation activity: exploring electric potential in a circuit (5 - 6 minutes):

   • To conclude the Development stage, the teacher should present to the students an interactive simulation of an electric circuit.
   • The simulation should allow students to observe changes in electric potential along the circuit as electric current flows.
   • Students should be encouraged to make connections between what they observe in the simulation and the content they learned in the lesson. For example, they can discuss how resistance and voltage affect electric potential in a circuit.

By the end of the Development stage, students should have acquired a good understanding of the concept of electric potential and how to apply the formula to solve problems. Additionally, they should be able to recognize the importance of electric potential and how it applies in the real world, such as in the construction of electric circuits and in energy generation.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group discussion (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should invite the groups to share the solutions or conclusions they found during the activities. Each group will have a maximum of 3 minutes to make their presentation. During the presentations, the teacher should encourage other students to ask questions and make comments, thus promoting a healthy and enriching debate.

2. Connection with theory (2 - 3 minutes): After the presentations, the teacher should review the theoretical concepts covered in the lesson and establish connections with the solutions presented by the groups. For example, the teacher can ask: "How does the electric field model you built relate to the concept of electric potential we studied?" or "How did you apply the formula for electric potential to solve the problems?".

3. Individual reflection (2 - 3 minutes): To conclude the Feedback stage, the teacher should propose that students reflect individually on what they learned in the lesson. This can be done through questions such as: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?". Students should write down their answers in a notebook or on a piece of paper.

4. Teacher feedback (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should end the lesson by giving general feedback on the students' performance. They can highlight the class's strengths, the most common difficulties encountered, and the aspects that need to be reinforced in future lessons. Additionally, the teacher should address some of the questions that were not answered during the lesson, clarifying possible doubts and reinforcing the most important concepts.

The goal of this stage is to allow students to consolidate what they learned during the lesson, make connections between theory and practice, and reflect on their learning process. Additionally, the teacher will have the opportunity to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and make the necessary adjustments for future classes.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Recap of main contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should summarize the main points covered in the lesson, recalling the concepts of electric potential, the formula for calculating electric potential, and the difference between electric potential and potential difference. This can be done interactively by asking students to complete sentences or answer quick questions about the lesson content.

2. Connection between theory and practice (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should highlight how the lesson connected theory and practice, reinforcing the importance of understanding theoretical concepts to solve practical problems. This can be done through examples of the activities carried out, explaining how theoretical concepts were applied to reach the solutions.

3. Extra materials (1 minute): The teacher should suggest some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of electric potential. These materials may include explanatory videos, complementary texts, simulation websites, and online exercises. The teacher can make these materials available on an online learning platform, the school's website, or via email.

4. Application of content in daily life (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should explain how the content learned in the lesson applies to students' daily lives. They can mention practical examples, such as the operation of electronic devices, the generation of electric power, and the occurrence of lightning. Additionally, the teacher can encourage students to observe electric potential in action in their daily lives, asking questions like: "What other examples can you think of situations in daily life that involve electric potential?".

The Conclusion of the lesson is an essential stage to consolidate students' learning, reinforce the most important concepts, and motivate them to continue studying the topic. Additionally, it allows the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and make the necessary adjustments for future classes.