Objectives (5 minutes)

1. Understanding the Concept of Gravitational Force: Students should be able to understand and describe what gravitational force is, how it acts, and its importance in the universe and daily life.

2. Calculation of Gravitational Force: Students should be able to calculate the gravitational force between two bodies using Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.

3. Application of Gravitational Force: Students should be able to apply the concept of gravitational force to everyday situations and practical problems, demonstrating the relevance and applicability of this concept in physics.

Secondary Objectives:

• Problem-Solving Skills: Develop students' skills to solve physics problems through the application of formulas and concepts.

• Development of Critical Thinking: Promote students' ability to analyze and interpret information, encouraging critical thinking and scientific curiosity.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing the concepts of mass, distance, and the Law of Universal Gravitation that were covered in previous classes. This can be done through a brief quiz or group discussion to ensure that all students have a solid understanding of these fundamental concepts. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situation 1: Weight on the Moon: The teacher can then present the following problem situation: "Why is a person's weight different on the Moon than on Earth, even though the person's mass is the same?" This question should serve as a trigger for introducing the topic of gravitational force. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization 1: Gravitation and Everyday Life: The teacher can then contextualize the importance of gravitational force, discussing how it influences many aspects of our daily lives. This may include examples such as why objects fall when dropped, why the Earth orbits the Sun, and even why the Moon orbits the Earth. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Problem Situation 2: The Importance of Calculating Gravitational Force: To reinforce the importance of knowing how to calculate gravitational force, the teacher can present the following problem situation: "Imagine you are a space engineer and need to calculate the gravitational force between the Earth and a satellite you are designing. How would you do this and why is it important?" This problem situation should help motivate students to learn the calculation of gravitational force. (2 - 3 minutes)

5. Engaging Students' Attention: To conclude the Introduction and capture students' attention, the teacher can share two curiosities: the first being that gravitational force is the weakest known force in nature, but due to the large mass of planets and stars, it ends up being the dominant force on macroscopic scales. The second curiosity is that, although gravitational force is one of the fundamental forces of the universe, physics still does not fully understand its nature, which becomes an interesting topic for future research and discussions. (1 - 2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. 3D Modeling Activity (10 - 12 minutes): The teacher should divide the class into groups of 4 or 5 students. Each group will receive a kit of materials that includes marbles of different sizes (representing celestial bodies), strings (representing gravitational force), and a table with the mass of the planets in the solar system.

   • Students will be instructed to choose two planets and calculate the gravitational force between them using the formula of Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.

   • Next, students should connect the marbles with the strings, according to the proportion of the calculated gravitational force. For example, if the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon is 10N, and the gravitational force between the group's marbles is 2N, the string connecting the marbles should be 1/5 the size of the string representing the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon.

   • After completing the activity, each group should present their calculations and explain what their 3D representation means in terms of gravitational force.

2. Simulation Activity (10 - 12 minutes): Still in groups, students will use a gravitational simulation software, such as "Universe Sandbox," to explore the gravitational force between different celestial bodies.

   • The teacher should guide students to choose different celestial bodies (such as planets, stars, galaxies, etc.) and observe how the gravitational force between them affects their movements.

   • Students should be encouraged to ask questions, formulate hypotheses, and test their ideas through the simulation. For example, they may wonder what would happen if the mass of one of the celestial bodies was increased or decreased, or if the distance between them was altered. They can then use the simulation to verify their hypotheses.

   • After completing the simulation, each group should share their observations and conclusions with the class.

3. Discussion and Reflection (5 - 10 minutes): After the activities, the teacher should lead a classroom discussion where students can share their experiences, difficulties, and new discoveries.

   • The teacher should ask students how they believe gravitational force affects their daily lives, beyond the examples discussed in the Introduction.

   • Next, the teacher should guide students to reflect on how gravitational force is deeply rooted in the structure of the universe, influencing not only the movements of planets and stars but also the formation of galaxies and the evolution of the universe itself.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should gather all students for a group discussion. Each group will have up to 3 minutes to share their solutions or conclusions from the 3D modeling and simulation activities. During this discussion, the teacher should ensure that all students have the opportunity to speak and that all doubts are clarified. Additionally, the teacher should encourage students to ask each other questions, thus promoting collaborative learning.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should then make the connection between the practical activities and the theory presented in the lesson's Introduction. This can be done through a brief review of the concepts of gravitational force and the Law of Universal Gravitation, and how they were applied in the activities. The teacher should emphasize the importance of understanding the theory to be able to apply it in practice.

3. Individual Reflection (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should propose that students reflect individually on what they learned in the lesson. For this, the teacher can ask the following questions:

   1. What was the most important concept learned today?
   2. What questions have not been answered yet?
   3. How can you apply what you learned today in everyday situations or in other disciplines?

   Students should have a minute to think about their answers. After this time, the teacher should ask for some volunteers to share their reflections with the class. This reflection activity helps students consolidate what they have learned and identify any gaps in their understanding, which can be addressed in future lessons.

4. Lesson Feedback (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should ask students to provide feedback on the lesson. The teacher can ask what students liked most about the lesson, what they found most challenging, and what they would suggest to improve the lesson. This feedback is valuable for the teacher to adjust their lessons in the future and ensure an effective and enjoyable learning experience for students.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Key Points (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion by recalling the key points covered in the lesson. This includes the concept of gravitational force, Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, and the application of these concepts in practical situations. The teacher should highlight how gravitational force is one of the fundamental forces of the universe, and how it influences the movements of celestial bodies and many aspects of our daily lives.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (1 - 2 minutes): Next, the teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected theory to practice, using the 3D modeling and simulation activities to demonstrate and explore the concept of gravitational force. The teacher should explain how these activities helped students visualize and better understand gravitational force, and how they reinforced the importance of knowing how to calculate and apply this concept.

3. Suggestion of Extra Materials (1 minute): The teacher can then suggest some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of gravitational force. This may include physics books, documentaries, online videos, educational websites, among others. The teacher should ensure that the suggested materials are suitable for the students' level of understanding and are available for free access or in the school library.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 minute): To conclude, the teacher should summarize the importance of the subject, explaining how gravitational force is essential for the existence and functioning of the universe as we know it. Additionally, the teacher can highlight how understanding gravitational force is crucial in various areas, such as aerospace engineering, astrophysics, geology, among others. The teacher can also emphasize that the study of gravitational force is not limited to the classroom, and that students can observe and experience the effects of gravity in their daily lives, thus encouraging curiosity and interest in physics.