Rencana Pelajaran | Metodologi Aktif | Organic Reactions: Substitution

Prinsip: Rencana Pelajaran Aktif ini mengasumsikan: durasi kelas 100 menit, studi sebelumnya oleh siswa baik dengan Buku maupun awal pengembangan Proyek dan bahwa hanya satu kegiatan (di antara tiga yang disarankan) akan dipilih untuk dilaksanakan selama kelas, karena setiap kegiatan dirancang untuk mengambil sebagian besar waktu yang tersedia.

Tujuan

Durasi: (5 - 10 minutes)

The Objectives stage aims to lay a clear and purposeful foundation for the lesson, ensuring that both the teacher and the students are aligned regarding what will be covered and learned. By outlining the lesson objectives clearly, students can focus better on their prior studies and contributions in class, maximizing the effectiveness of the lesson for hands-on application and meaningful discussion.

Tujuan Utama:

1. Identify and describe the key substitution reactions in organic compounds, focusing on nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions.

2. Analyze the role of catalysts in substitution reactions and their impact on the rate and yield of these reactions.

3. Explore synthetic pathways utilized in industries and laboratories for producing specific compounds through substitution reactions, and discuss the resulting products.

Tujuan Tambahan:

Pengantar

Durasi: (15 - 20 minutes)

The introduction is designed to engage students and encourage the utilization of prior knowledge in practical scenarios. The problem situations prompt students to think critically about the topic, while contextualization highlights the historical and present significance of substitution reactions, enhancing their interest and understanding of the subject's importance.

Situasi Berbasis Masalah

1. Imagine you are a chemist working with a pharmaceutical company to develop a new medication. During the synthesis process, you need to replace a functional group in a compound to change its properties and improve its efficacy. Which substitution reactions would you consider and why?

2. An accident has happened in a research lab and a chemical compound has leaked into the environment. This compound is highly reactive and can engage in substitution reactions with other organic substances in nature. How could this impact the local ecosystem?

Kontekstualisasi

Substitution reactions are crucial not just in research laboratories but also in industries, where they are employed for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products, agrochemicals, and various materials. Interestingly, one of the earliest documented practical uses of a substitution reaction dates back to the 19th century when chemist Friedrich Wöhler substituted the ammonium radical of silver with silver cyanide, creating a synthetic route for producing silver cyanide, which found use in the photographic industry.

Pengembangan

Durasi: (70 - 75 minutes)

The Development stage's primary goal is to allow students to apply practically the concepts they have learned about substitution reactions. Through engaging and contextualized activities, students have the chance to experiment, make mistakes, and learn in a structured setting. The proposed activities also aim to enhance teamwork skills, critical thinking, and the ability to apply theoretical knowledge in tangible scenarios, preparing them for future challenges in Chemistry.

Saran Kegiatan

Disarankan hanya satu dari kegiatan yang disarankan yang dilaksanakan

Kegiatan 1 - The Substitute Race

> Durasi: (60 - 70 minutes)

- Tujuan: Utilize knowledge of substitution reactions in a fun and competitive environment, enhancing practical skills and team collaboration.

- Deskripsi: In this fun activity, students will be divided into groups of up to five members. Each group will receive a 'shopping list' consisting of several substitution reactions they need to perform to transform initial compounds into the desired products. Each reaction will be linked to a 'chemical supermarket,' where they can find the 'ingredients' (reactants) and 'tools' (catalysts) needed. The aim is to successfully complete all reactions in the shortest time possible, avoiding 'recipe errors' that could lead to undesired products or even 'explosions' (reaction failures).

- Instruksi:

• Divide the class into groups of up to five students.

• Hand out the 'shopping lists' and explain the 'race' format.

• Each group selects a reaction from the list and heads to the 'supermarket' to gather the necessary reactants and catalysts.

• Groups should set up their 'labs' (tables) and carry out the reaction, meticulously following the detailed instructions for each reactant.

• Once the reaction is complete, a 'judge' (teacher) will check the produced product and validate the reaction's correctness.

• The group returns to the 'supermarket' for the next reaction. The total race time will be tracked and compared among groups.

Kegiatan 2 - Chemical Kitchen Mystery

> Durasi: (60 - 70 minutes)

- Tujuan: Foster creativity and practical application of substitution reaction concepts while promoting skills in presentation and justification.

- Deskripsi: Students, grouped together, will take on the role of chefs in a culinary competition with a chemical twist. Each group will receive a 'mystery basket' filled with simple organic compounds and reagents. They must leverage their understanding of substitution reactions to 'cook' (conduct reactions) and 'taste' (analyze the outcomes) dishes that delight the 'judges' (teacher).

- Instruksi:

• Set up the room with kitchen stations, each furnished with 'stoves' (tables), 'pots' (beakers), and 'ingredients' (reactants).

• Distribute the 'mystery baskets' to each group.

• Students should plan and execute reactions, carefully noting the reactants used and the products formed.

• After each reaction, groups present their 'dishes' (products) and rationalize their theoretical and practical decisions.

• The 'judges' will assess the products and the students' reasoning, allocating points based on innovation, accuracy of reactions, and presentation.

• The group with the highest points at the end of the competition is declared the winner.

Kegiatan 3 - Chemical Escape Room: The Escape of Lost Products

> Durasi: (60 - 70 minutes)

- Tujuan: Encourage problem-solving and collaboration by applying knowledge of substitution reactions in an engaging game context.

- Deskripsi: Transform the classroom into an 'escape room' where students must utilize their knowledge of substitution reactions to search for clues, solve puzzles, and 'escape' (resolve the final problem). Each station within the escape room contains a challenge that requires performing a substitution reaction to progress in the game.

- Instruksi:

• Prepare the classroom with stations containing materials for executing substitution reactions.

• Split students into groups and explain the escape room scenario: they are scientists on a task to retrieve lost products through substitution reactions.

• Each station features a challenge that students must tackle by accurately performing the necessary reaction to move forward.

• Students have a limited timeframe to solve all challenges and 'escape'.

• Monitor the groups' progress and provide hints as needed.

Umpan Balik

Durasi: (10 - 15 minutes)

The purpose of this feedback stage is to solidify the learning acquired during the practical activities, enabling students to articulate and contemplate what they have grasped. This discussion supports reinforcing the understanding of substitution reaction concepts, identifying areas that may still need clarification, and exploring the applications of these reactions beyond the academic environment. Additionally, this stage fosters students' communication and reasoning skills, which are crucial for their academic and professional growth.

Diskusi Kelompok

To kick off the group discussion, the teacher can assemble all students in a circle and ask each group to share their experiences and outcomes from the activities. The teacher should facilitate the discussion, prompting students to reflect on how they applied substitution reaction concepts, the hurdles they encountered, and the solutions they devised. It is essential for each group to also discuss any new insights or changes in perspective developed during the activities.

Pertanyaan Kunci

1. What were the most significant challenges your group faced while conducting the substitution reactions and how did you navigate them?

2. Were there any surprises regarding the products obtained? How does this relate to what you learned previously?

3. How can the comprehension of substitution reactions be leveraged in real-world scenarios, such as in pharmaceuticals or environmental studies?

Kesimpulan

Durasi: (5 - 10 minutes)

The aim of this conclusion stage is to ensure that students have a clear and solid understanding of the topics discussed, as well as recognizing the practical and theoretical relevance of the content studied. Summarizing the key points aids in retaining knowledge, while discussing the linkage between theory and practice and the practical significance of substitution reactions reinforces the value of learning and its relevance to the real world.

Ringkasan

In this conclusion stage, the teacher should summarize the main topics covered regarding substitution reactions, emphasizing the types of nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions, the role of catalysts, and common synthetic pathways. It’s important to recap the products obtained and the conditions that support each reaction type, reinforcing students' understanding.

Koneksi Teori

Throughout the lesson, the connection between the theories studied and the practical activities conducted was effectively highlighted via interactive tasks. Students had the chance to directly apply theoretical concepts in real-world scenarios, such as 'The Substitute Race' and 'Chemical Kitchen Mystery', which helped illustrate the theory in action and understand its significance and applicability.

Penutupan

Finally, it is vital to underscore the importance of substitution reactions in daily life and industries, such as in the synthesis of medications or materials. Grasping these chemical processes not only enhances academic knowledge but also prepares students to apply these concepts in their future scientific careers or in making informed decisions in everyday life.