Rencana Pelajaran | Rencana Pelajaran Tradisional | Organic Functions: Nomenclature of Nitrile and Isonitrile

Tujuan

Durasi: (10 - 15 minutes)

This stage aims to ensure that learners have a clear understanding of the lesson's objectives. Establishing a solid foundation for acquiring the necessary knowledge is crucial. By defining the objectives, learners will know precisely what is expected of them and how we will achieve this during the lesson, promoting a focused and effective approach to the content.

Tujuan Utama:

1. Teach learners to correctly name the organic compounds known as nitriles and isonitriles.

2. Assist learners in identifying and differentiating nitriles and isonitriles from other organic compounds.

Pendahuluan

Durasi: (10 - 15 minutes)

This stage intends to contextualise the lesson topic and ignite learners' interest, connecting the content to real-world applications and demonstrating the practical relevance of the compounds being studied. By providing context and interesting facts, learners can appreciate the importance of their learning, which enhances engagement and motivation.

Tahukah kamu?

Did you know that nitriles are used in making plastics and synthetic fibres, like nylon? Moreover, some nitriles are present in vital medications, such as lidocaine, which serves as a local anaesthetic. Conversely, isonitriles play a role in organic synthesis and are often used as intermediates in complex chemical reactions.

Kontekstualisasi

At the beginning of the lesson on the Nomenclature of Nitriles and Isonitriles, explain that we're dealing with organic compounds that have specific functional groups. Nitriles are compounds with the functional group -C≡N, while isonitriles contain the functional group -N≡C. These compounds are commonly found in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications, making them essential for developing materials and medications.

Konsep

Durasi: (50 - 60 minutes)

This stage aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of nitriles and isonitriles, including their structures, nomenclatures, and properties. By elaborating on each topic and providing practical examples, learners should be able to differentiate these compounds and apply this knowledge in academic and practical contexts. Working through the questions will support learners in consolidating their learning and practising the rules of nomenclature, as well as recognising structures.

Topik Relevan

1. Definition and Structure of Nitriles: Explain that nitriles are organic compounds containing the functional group -C≡N. Detail the structure of this functional group and its connection to the rest of the molecule. Present straightforward examples of nitriles such as acetonitrile (CH3CN).

2. Nomenclature of Nitriles according to IUPAC: Detail the IUPAC rules for naming nitriles. Explain that the name derives from the corresponding alkane by replacing the ending 'o' with the suffix 'nitrile'. For instance, ethane becomes ethanonitrile. Provide more examples and encourage learners to take notes.

3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Nitriles: Discuss the physical properties (like boiling and melting points) and chemical properties of nitriles, focusing on polarity and solubility. Offer practical examples of how these properties affect their use in industrial and pharmaceutical settings.

4. Definition and Structure of Isonitriles: Explain that isonitriles contain the functional group -N≡C. Discuss the structure of this functional group and how it contrasts with that of nitriles. Provide simple examples of isonitriles, like methylisonitrile (CH3N≡C).

5. Nomenclature of Isonitriles according to IUPAC: Go over the IUPAC rules for naming isonitriles. Explain that the name is formed by combining the prefix of the alkyl group with the word 'isonitrile'. For instance, methyl becomes methylisonitrile. Present additional examples and have learners take notes.

6. Physical and Chemical Properties of Isonitriles: Discuss the distinct physical and chemical properties of isonitriles, such as their unique odour and reactivity. Explain their role in organic synthesis and specific reactions.

7. Differences between Nitriles and Isonitriles: Compare and contrast nitriles and isonitriles, highlighting differences in structure, nomenclature, and properties. Use examples to clearly illustrate these distinctions.

Untuk Memperkuat Pembelajaran

1. 1. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature: a. CH3CH2CN b. CH3CH2NC

2. 2. Explain the main structural difference between a nitrile and an isonitrile. Why is this difference significant?

3. 3. List three physical properties of nitriles and compare them with those of isonitriles.

Umpan Balik

Durasi: (20 - 25 minutes)

This stage seeks to help learners consolidate the knowledge they've gained throughout the lesson, allowing for reflection on their answers and a deeper understanding of the discussed concepts. Engaging in discussion allows learners to reinforce their skills in nomenclature and differentiating nitriles from isonitriles, while also developing an appreciation for the practical applications of these compounds.

Diskusi Konsep

1. 1. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature: a. CH3CH2CN → Propanonitrile b. CH3CH2NC → Ethylisonitrile Explain that compound (a) is a nitrile, where the functional group -C≡N is attached to a three-carbon chain, while compound (b) is an isonitrile, with the functional group -N≡C attached to a two-carbon chain. 2. 2. Explain the main structural difference between a nitrile and an isonitrile. Why is this difference important? The key structural difference lies in the functional group: -C≡N for nitriles and -N≡C for isonitriles. This distinction is significant as it impacts the reactivity and physical properties of the compounds. Typically, nitriles are more polar and have higher boiling points than isonitriles. 3. 3. List three physical properties of nitriles and compare them with those of isonitriles. Nitriles usually feature higher boiling points, greater polarity, and better water solubility compared to isonitriles. In contrast, isonitriles have a strong, unpleasant odour and are less polar.

Melibatkan Siswa

1. ✨ Questions and Reflections to Engage Students ✨ 2. 1. How does the polarity of nitriles enhance their importance in pharmaceutical applications? 3. 2. In what ways does the presence of the functional group -N≡C in isonitriles affect their application in organic syntheses? 4. 3. Engage in group discussions about how the nomenclature of organic compounds facilitates scientific communication and the development of innovative materials.

Kesimpulan

Durasi: (5 - 10 minutes)

This stage aims to recap and reinforce the main points covered in the lesson, solidifying students' learning. It also seeks to bridge theory with practice, demonstrating the relevance of the discussed concepts and engaging learners by emphasising the topic's importance in real-world situations.

Ringkasan

['Definition and Structure of Nitriles: Nitriles feature the functional group -C≡N.', "Nomenclature of Nitriles according to IUPAC: The name derives from the relevant alkane by swapping the ending 'o' for the suffix 'nitrile'.", 'Physical and Chemical Properties of Nitriles: Nitriles are polar and have elevated boiling points.', 'Definition and Structure of Isonitriles: Isonitriles contain the functional group -N≡C.', "Nomenclature of Isonitriles according to IUPAC: The name combines the prefix of the alkyl group with the term 'isonitrile'.", 'Physical and Chemical Properties of Isonitriles: Isonitriles have a strong odour and display lower polarity.', 'Differences between Nitriles and Isonitriles: There are distinctions in structure, nomenclature, and properties.']

Koneksi

The lesson established a link between theory and practice by exploring the industrial and pharmaceutical applications of nitriles and isonitriles. Practical examples, such as the use of nitriles in plastic production and isonitriles in organic synthesis, effectively illustrated the compounds' relevance in the real world.

Relevansi Tema

The topic is crucial for everyday life, as nitriles and isonitriles find extensive application across diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals and materials. For instance, acetonitrile is a common solvent in laboratories, while lidocaine serves as a local anaesthetic. Grasping the chemistry behind these compounds paves the way for advancements in science and technology.