Objectives (5 minutes)

1. To introduce the concept of ratio and proportion in a playful and practical way, allowing students to understand the concept in a concrete way before moving on to abstract representations.
2. To develop students' ability to identify and compare ratios and proportions in different contexts, encouraging the application of the concept in everyday situations.
3. To promote active student participation through group activities, allowing them to share their ideas and solutions, strengthening collaborative learning.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Reviewing previous concepts: The teacher begins the class by reminding students about the concepts of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, which are fundamental to understanding ratios and proportions. This can be done through brief questions and simple problems to be solved together with the class.

2. Problem situations: The teacher then presents two problem situations involving everyday situations for the students. For example, you could ask: "If each student in a classroom wins 3 candies, how many candies will be needed to give to all the classrooms in the school?" or "If a pizza is divided equally among 4 friends, how much will each one eat if they order two pizzas?".

3. Contextualization: The teacher then explains that these situations are examples of ratios and proportions, which are used to compare quantities. He can give practical examples, such as saying that the ratio of girls to boys in the classroom is 2 to 3, or that the ratio of apples to oranges in the fruit bowl is 5 to 2.

4. Getting Students' Attention: To pique students' interest, the teacher can share some fun facts about ratios and proportions. For example, you could mention that ratios and proportions are used in many everyday activities, such as cooking (when following a recipe), shopping (when comparing prices), and even in games (when calculating the probability of an event occurring).

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

The teacher will now lead the students through a series of practical group activities. These activities are designed to help students consolidate their understanding of ratios and proportions through concrete experiences. The teacher can choose one or more of the following activities:

1. Candy Sharing Activity: Initially, the teacher should bring a wide variety of sweets (candies, lollipops, chocolates, etc.) and divide the class into groups of 4 to 5 students.

   • First, the teacher should instruct students to share the candy equally among themselves and write down how many candies each student received.
   • Then, the teacher can ask students to compare the amounts of candy they received and express this comparison in the form of a ratio.
   • For example, if one student received 2 candies and another received 4, the ratio would be 2 to 4 or 2:4.
   • The teacher should then guide the discussion with the class, emphasizing that the ratio expresses the comparison between two quantities.

2. Tower Building Activity: In this activity, each group of students will receive a set of identical building blocks (LEGO, wooden blocks, etc.) and the task will be to build a tower.

   • Before starting construction, the teacher should ask students to determine how many blocks will be needed to build the tower.
   • Once the tower is complete, the teacher can ask each group to compare the height of their tower with the number of blocks used and represent this relationship as a proportion.
   • For example, if a 5-block tower is 10 centimeters high, the proportion would be 5 to 10 or 5:10.
   • The teacher should then explain that a proportion is a special comparison that deals with relative amounts.

3. Magic Square Fill Activity: For this activity, each group of students receives a magic square and colored markers.

   • The teacher should draw a square on the blackboard with two lines, one marked with an "X" and the other with an "O".
   • Then, the teacher should ask students to fill in their magic square, following the following proportion: 3 "X" to 2 "O".
   • After filling in the square, the teacher should ask students to compare the quantities of "X" and "O" in the square and represent this comparison as a proportion.
   • For example, if the magic square has 9 "X" and 6 "O", the proportion would be 9 to 6 or 9:6.
   • The teacher should then emphasize that a proportion can be used to describe a relationship between different elements, not just quantities.

At the end of each activity, it is important that the teacher take time to discuss the results with the class, allowing students to share their solutions and understandings. This reinforces collaborative learning, where students learn from each other and from the teacher.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion: The teacher should gather all students in a large circle and start a group discussion. Each group should be invited to share their solutions and findings from the previous activities. The idea is for students to learn from each other and see the different ways in which ratios and proportions were applied in each activity. The teacher should encourage all students to participate and ask questions to stimulate critical thinking and deeper understanding. (5 - 7 minutes)

2. Connection to Theory: After the group discussion, the teacher should make the connection between the practical activities and the theory of ratios and proportions. He can recall the concepts of ratio and proportion and how they were applied in the activities. In addition, the teacher should emphasize the importance of these concepts in everyday life, citing examples of real-life situations where understanding ratios and proportions is useful. (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Individual Reflection: To conclude the class, the teacher should suggest that students take a minute to reflect on what they have learned. He can ask two simple questions to guide students' reflection:

   • "How can you use what you learned today about ratios and proportions in your daily life?"
   • "What surprised or caught your attention the most about ratios and proportions?"

   Students can share their answers aloud if they feel comfortable, or they can simply think about the questions silently. This reflection step is important for students to internalize what they have learned and to realize the relevance of the content to their lives. (2 - 3 minutes)

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary: The teacher should begin the lesson conclusion by summarizing the main points covered. He can highlight the definition of ratio and proportion, the difference between the two concepts, and how they are applied in everyday situations. The teacher can recall the activities carried out during the class and how they helped students understand the concepts in a practical and concrete way. (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Connection between Theory and Practice: The teacher should then emphasize the importance of the connection between theory and practice. He can explain that, by doing the practical activities, students were able to apply the theoretical concepts of ratio and proportion, which helped to consolidate their understanding. The teacher should encourage students to continue looking for ways to apply what they learn in the classroom to their daily lives. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Extra Materials: Finally, the teacher should suggest some extra materials for students who want to deepen their knowledge about ratios and proportions. These materials may include math books, interactive online games, and educational videos. The teacher may recommend, for example, the website "Khan Academy" which has a vast collection of videos and exercises on mathematics, including ratios and proportions. (1 - 2 minutes)

4. Importance of the Subject: To conclude the class, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the subject, explaining that understanding ratios and proportions is essential for solving more complex mathematical problems, as well as for making decisions in real life. The teacher can give examples of how ratios and proportions are used in different situations, such as in the kitchen (when following a recipe), in the supermarket (when comparing prices), and even in sports (when calculating statistics). (2 - 3 minutes)