(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Geography

Eastern Europe is a region marked by a complex intersection of ethnic, cultural, and religious factors that often manifest in territorial disputes and sometimes armed conflicts. Historian Timothy Snyder, in his book 'Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin,' reinforces the idea that 'Eastern Europe is a land of uncertain borders, where changes in international power often meant changes in the identities of those living in these borders.' Based on this perspective, analyze and discuss: 1) How can transformations in political and international power trigger significant changes in the ethnic and cultural dynamics of Eastern Europe and, consequently, conflicts of identity and territory? 2) Evaluate how historical tensions and legacies of totalitarian regimes, such as those of Hitler and Stalin, continue to influence interethnic relations and geopolitical stability in the region.

In a global scenario of concern about climate change and the search for sustainable solutions, renewable energies stand out as an alternative to conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels. Considering this perspective, (1) explain what renewable energies are and cite three examples of energy sources that fall into this category. (2) Discuss how the adoption of renewable energies can contribute to reducing the economic and socio-environmental impacts resulting from the exploitation of natural resources, paying special attention to local practices and commitment to sustainability. (3) Present arguments demonstrating the importance of renewable energy matrices in the current context and how they can be implemented at different analysis scales.

Africa is a continent with great ethnic, cultural, and environmental diversity, but it also faces considerable socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, hunger, and lack of access to education and healthcare. How do these socioeconomic characteristics affect the development of African countries and their positioning in the global economic context? Additionally, mention two examples of policies or initiatives being carried out by African countries or international organizations to address these challenges and promote sustainable development on the continent.