(UNESP 2019) - Question Medium of Sociology

In the contemporary context, technological transformations have reshaped the labor market scenario, altering both the work dynamics and the skills demanded from workers. In 'The Network Society', the sociologist Manuel Castells argues that the current society is shaped by new information and communication technologies, creating a 'space of flows' where economic activity is increasingly virtual and immaterial. Given this scenario and considering Castells' ideas, analyze the impact of digital technologies on the labor sphere, discussing the skills required for work in the 'space of flows' and the possible social and economic consequences of this phenomenon.

During the period of the Industrial Revolution, economic growth and wealth concentration drove a reconfiguration of political power, leading to the consolidation of the modern State. In parallel, Enlightenment thought, with its ideals of freedom, equality, and fraternity, shaped the theoretical foundations for the construction of a fairer society. In 'The Social Contract', Jean-Jacques Rousseau discusses the foundations of the legitimacy of political power, stating that 'force does not constitute right; it is never necessary to obey force, but only reason'. In its context, the transition from feudalism to capitalism had direct implications on political organization, reflecting on power relations and mechanisms of democratic participation. Considering the socioeconomic transformations of this period and Rousseau's concepts, analyze how the transition to capitalism influenced the conception of the State, highlighting the role of reason and the consent of the governed in structuring political power in the modern State.

The idea that the culture of a society is intrinsically linked to its ideological and political structures is central to the understanding of social phenomena. This interconnection has been discussed by various philosophers and sociologists throughout history, who sought to understand how the beliefs and values of a society influence and are influenced by its historical and political context. Karl Marx, for example, argued that the dominant ideology in any society is the ideology of the ruling classes. He wrote: 'The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.' (Karl Marx, 'The German Ideology'). Based on this understanding, analyze the relationship between ideology and culture in contemporary society and discuss how this dynamic can be observed in the interaction between politics and cultural production.