(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Sociology

Social inequality is a phenomenon that manifests itself in various dimensions of life in society, including unequal access to resources, opportunities, and rights. In the Brazilian context, analysts often identify inequality as one of the main challenges for the consolidation of a fairer and more equitable society. According to IBGE data, in 2020, the average monthly income of the top 10% was about 20 times higher than the income of the bottom 40%. Based on this scenario and knowledge about social stratification and inequality, evaluate the following statements:

Economist Joseph Stiglitz, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, in his book 'The Price of Inequality', discusses the social and economic consequences of income disparity, stating that 'inequality is not just a matter of social justice, but has significant implications for economic efficiency and growth'. In a recent study on social mobility, researchers from the Institute of Advanced Studies in Toulouse evaluated longitudinal data from different countries, relating investments in education and social policies to individuals' ability to ascend socially. Considering Stiglitz's arguments and the results of this research, analyze how economic inequality can act as a barrier to social mobility and discuss the importance of public policies focused on education and social well-being in reducing this disparity.

The concept of the modern State emerged in Europe during the transition from feudalism to capitalism, consolidating with the Peace of Westphalia treaties of 1648. Considering the political, economic, and social transformations that occurred during this period, explain (1) the importance of the State in the consolidation of centralized power, (2) how the relations between the State and society changed in this process, and (3) discuss the ethical foundations that support the modern State and its role in the formation of ethical subjects.