(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Very Hard of Physics

A scientist is conducting research on the electrical conductivity of composite materials. He designs an experiment in which a beam of electrons is fired towards a sample of an unknown material and observes the behavior of the electrons. During the experiment, he observes that some of the electrons pass through the material without significant deviations, while others experience considerable deviations from their trajectory. Based on this observation, and considering the principles of Quantum Mechanics that govern the behavior of electrons, explain: 1) Why some electrons can pass through the material without deviations and what does this reveal about the properties of the material? 2) How can the electronic structure of the material and its atomic arrangement influence its ability to conduct electricity? Detail the theoretical concepts involved and, if necessary, use examples of materials from everyday life to illustrate your explanations.