(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Very Hard of Physics

When observing the night sky, astronomers can identify different types of stars based on their spectral characteristics and luminosities. Red dwarfs, for example, are the most common stars in the Milky Way and have a much longer lifespan than stars of other classes. On the other hand, neutron stars are remnants of supernovae and have extraordinarily high densities. Based on your knowledge of Physics and Chemistry, answer: (1) Explain, from a Physics perspective, how red dwarfs and neutron stars differ in terms of the internal nuclear processes that sustain them. (2) Discuss the relationship between stellar evolution and the formation of different types of stars, considering the main sequence, nuclear fusion, and the conditions that lead to the formation of neutron stars. Provide examples of chemical elements involved in the mentioned processes. You must provide a detailed and well-founded explanation, considering the principles of Nuclear Physics and Einstein's Theory of Relativity, if necessary.