(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Medium of Philosophy

Philosophy, since its origins in Ancient Greece, seeks to understand and reflect on the fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge, and human existence. Considering this context and the role of philosophy in society, answer: (1) What are the main components of philosophy and its approaches to the study of reality and knowledge? (2) How can understanding the nature of philosophy contribute to the critical analysis of ideas and concepts from different eras and cultures? (3) Mention and briefly discuss an example of a conceptual framework (ethnocentrism, racism, evolution, modernity, cooperativism/development, etc.) and how the philosophical perspective can help in understanding its historical significance.

In contemporary times, the notion of ethics transcends the individual sphere and approaches social and global dynamics, influencing decisions in various areas such as politics, economy, and technology. In this context, the philosopher Hannah Arendt discusses the 'banality of evil', referring to how the lack of critical reflection and the uncritical following of orders can lead to devastating ethical consequences. In her work 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil', Arendt analyzes the trial of Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Holocaust, and argues that he was not a sadist or an individual with malevolent intentions, but rather someone who meticulously followed orders without questioning the moral consequences of his actions. Given the above, and considering Arendt's thinking, what is the relevance of critical thinking in the context of ethical decision-making, especially in hierarchical structures and institutions that demand obedience to norms and protocols?