(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Medium of Philosophy

The interaction between science and society is a complex theme that involves ethical issues, intellectual freedom, cultural diversity, and religious beliefs. In 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,' Thomas Kuhn argues that scientific revolutions are not simple accumulations of new discoveries, but rather 'paradigm shifts' that reconfigure the way we see and understand the world. These changes sometimes conflict with established values and traditions. Considering the context of this statement, and looking at the evolution of genetics and biotechnology, Oliver D. Crisp in 'Genetics, Culture, and Ethics' highlights that 'scientific advances often force society to reevaluate its ethical and moral norms, as well as its religious premises.' Based on this quote, discuss how the evolution of scientific thought in the field of genetics and biotechnology challenges preexisting cultural and religious values. In light of Kuhn's concept of 'paradigm shift,' analyze to what extent the acceptance of new scientific advances in these areas can be seen as a matter of intellectual freedom or as the imposition of a new set of beliefs on society.

In contemporary times, the notion of ethics transcends the individual sphere and approaches social and global dynamics, influencing decisions in various areas such as politics, economy, and technology. In this context, the philosopher Hannah Arendt discusses the 'banality of evil', referring to how the lack of critical reflection and the uncritical following of orders can lead to devastating ethical consequences. In her work 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil', Arendt analyzes the trial of Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Holocaust, and argues that he was not a sadist or an individual with malevolent intentions, but rather someone who meticulously followed orders without questioning the moral consequences of his actions. Given the above, and considering Arendt's thinking, what is the relevance of critical thinking in the context of ethical decision-making, especially in hierarchical structures and institutions that demand obedience to norms and protocols?