(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Medium of Philosophy

During Ancient Greece, the philosophical debate on the good, justice, and virtue was fundamental for the organization of the polis, reflecting directly on the political and ethical sphere of society. The thoughts of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle outlined concepts that still influence contemporary ethics. In 'The Republic,' Plato presents the myth of the 'Ring of Gyges' to discuss the relationship between justice and human behavior when one believes to be free from consequences. Imagine that in a modern society, the politics of a country is marked by a series of corruption scandals that shake the citizens' trust in democratic institutions. A group of Philosophy students, including Mathematics students, seeks to understand how the ethical concepts discussed by Plato can shed light on contemporary governance issues. Considering the described scenario and the myth of the 'Ring of Gyges,' analyze how the application of Mathematics can contribute to the objective evaluation of political actions, discussing the interdisciplinarity between Mathematics and Philosophy from the perspective of democratic ethics.

During the Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx's political philosophy was forged amidst the social fabric that was transforming with the rise of capitalism and the inhumane working conditions in factories. Marx, in his critical analysis, established the idea that the economic structure of a society influences its set of ideas and institutions, and not the other way around, thus uniting philosophy with sociology and economics. In the contemporary context, the discussion on the relationships between work and value continues, but adapted to the complexities of the digital age, where immaterial work and the valorization of knowledge also become central. In 'Capital', Marx states: 'Capital is not a mere accumulation of commodities, it is essentially value in motion, value that valorizes itself.' Considering Marx's fragment and the proposed interdisciplinarity, analyze how the notion of value in work and the relationship between work and capital can be understood in the light of Marxist philosophy and contemporary economics. Furthermore, discuss how technology and the knowledge economy impact the understanding of work and value in today's society.

Philosophy, since its origins in Ancient Greece, seeks to understand and reflect on the fundamental aspects of reality, knowledge, and human existence. Considering this context and the role of philosophy in society, answer: (1) What are the main components of philosophy and its approaches to the study of reality and knowledge? (2) How can understanding the nature of philosophy contribute to the critical analysis of ideas and concepts from different eras and cultures? (3) Mention and briefly discuss an example of a conceptual framework (ethnocentrism, racism, evolution, modernity, cooperativism/development, etc.) and how the philosophical perspective can help in understanding its historical significance.