(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Medium of Philosophy

Christian thinkers were great agents of the development of medieval philosophy in the West. Regarding Saint Augustine or Augustine of Hippo, explain his understanding of free will and his theory of illumination.

In contemporary times, the notion of ethics transcends the individual sphere and approaches social and global dynamics, influencing decisions in various areas such as politics, economy, and technology. In this context, the philosopher Hannah Arendt discusses the 'banality of evil', referring to how the lack of critical reflection and the uncritical following of orders can lead to devastating ethical consequences. In her work 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil', Arendt analyzes the trial of Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Holocaust, and argues that he was not a sadist or an individual with malevolent intentions, but rather someone who meticulously followed orders without questioning the moral consequences of his actions. Given the above, and considering Arendt's thinking, what is the relevance of critical thinking in the context of ethical decision-making, especially in hierarchical structures and institutions that demand obedience to norms and protocols?

In the contemporary world, the scientific civilization has caused numerous changes and questions related to the concepts of ethics, freedom, culture, and religion. In this scenario, based on the philosophical knowledge acquired in the classroom and from different sources (texts, documentaries, works of art, and other cultural manifestations), develop an argument about: 1) the relationship between ethics and scientific advances in today's society; 2) the possible impacts of science on the perception of freedom; and 3) the influence of science on the relationship between culture and religion.