(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Hard of History

In Mesopotamia, the cradle of great civilizations such as Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon, was a region that witnessed the development of complex social structures and technological advances that shaped human history. Cuneiform writing, the laws of Hammurabi, and the invention of the wheel are examples of innovations that reflected an organized society with deep religious and political roots. In 'A History of the World in 100 Objects,' Neil MacGregor highlights the impact of these societies in the following passage: 'The first cities of ancient Mesopotamia created a new way of living that gave rise not only to civilization, but also to many of the spiritual and intellectual problems we still try to deal with.' (MacGregor, Neil. 'A History of the World in 100 Objects'. Revista História Viva, 2011.) Considering the Mesopotamian context and MacGregor's quote, answer the following items: 1. Explain how the invention of cuneiform writing and the laws of Hammurabi contributed to the consolidation of complex social and political structures in Mesopotamia, and discuss the challenges that these innovations presented to that society. 2. Evaluate, based on your knowledge of other disciplines, how geography and the environment influenced these developments in Mesopotamia, and discuss how these factors may be related to the 'spiritual and intellectual problems' mentioned by MacGregor.