(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Very Hard of History

During the period known as the 'Revolution of the Modern States', the political fragmentation characteristic of the Middle Ages gave way to centralized structures of power, with monarchs emerging as unifying figures of increasingly defined nations. This process not only reconfigured the political map of Europe but also deeply impacted social and economic organization, transforming the relationship between rulers and the ruled. In 'The Foundations of Power and Wealth', historian Norman Davies states that 'The emergence of modern states was not only the result of political and military forces, but also reflected a change in mentalities and methods of governance.' Considering the context presented and Davies' quote, develop a discursive essay addressing the following points: 1) Explain how the formation of European nation-states altered power dynamics and the political organization of the continent. 2) Discuss the social implications and the new governance paradigm that emerged with the centralization of power in the hands of monarchs and the transition to a more 'national' government.

The Cuban Revolution, led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, resulted in the overthrow of dictator Fulgencio Batista's regime and the establishment of a socialist government in Cuba. Considering the context and outcomes of the Cuban Revolution, what motivated the main leaders of the movement to promote the revolution?

The independence of Haiti in 1804 was an important milestone for Latin America, resulting from a long struggle led by Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines. In addition to being the first independent republic in Latin America, the Haitian Revolution also stood out for which fundamental characteristic?