(Fundação de Estudos Inaciana 2011) - Question Medium of History

After the end of the Cold War, the world entered a new phase of political and economic reorganization, characterized by the process of globalization. This phenomenon had profound impacts on societies, the economy, and international relations. Based on your knowledge of History and Geography, discuss how technological advancement, especially the internet, contributed to the intensification of globalization and the redefinition of political and commercial relations between countries. Include in your answer examples of how digital connectivity has altered the way people live and interact both locally and globally.

During the period known as the 'Revolution of the Modern States', the political fragmentation characteristic of the Middle Ages gave way to centralized structures of power, with monarchs emerging as unifying figures of increasingly defined nations. This process not only reconfigured the political map of Europe but also deeply impacted social and economic organization, transforming the relationship between rulers and the ruled. In 'The Foundations of Power and Wealth', historian Norman Davies states that 'The emergence of modern states was not only the result of political and military forces, but also reflected a change in mentalities and methods of governance.' Considering the context presented and Davies' quote, develop a discursive essay addressing the following points: 1) Explain how the formation of European nation-states altered power dynamics and the political organization of the continent. 2) Discuss the social implications and the new governance paradigm that emerged with the centralization of power in the hands of monarchs and the transition to a more 'national' government.