(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Very Hard of Geography

In the context of urban geography, modern urbanism reflects a set of ideas and practices that shaped the expansion and development of cities since the 19th century. Based on this understanding, considering the legacy of modern urbanism and contemporary transformations, analyze the following excerpt from Milton Santos: 'The spaces of our daily life, the cities, are testimonies of a history in which we participate as actors and spectators, but which often seems to us like a succession of meaningless facts, a set of confusing signs.' Comment on how Milton Santos' ideas about the complexity and dynamics of cities relate to current challenges in urban areas, such as environmental management and pollution control, and discuss possible integrated approaches that could be adopted to address these challenges, considering the interdisciplinarity between geography and other social and environmental sciences. In your response, critically evaluate the effectiveness of traditional public policies in the contemporary context, proposing alternatives or complements that could be considered for solving current urban problems.