(UEL 2010) - Question Medium of Biology

Biocycles are large sets of ecosystems that share specific characteristics related to the nature of the environment in which they live and the life forms that inhabit it. Considering the three biocycles: epinocycle, talassocycle, and limnocycle, which one refers to the set of terrestrial ecosystems?

In a pea crossing experiment, Gregor Mendel observed the independent segregation of two different characteristics of the organism. Based on Mendel's Second Law, known as the Law of Independent Assortment, which of the alternatives below correctly represents the phenotypic ratios observed in a dihybrid cross when the characteristics are controlled by two pairs of alleles?

In an experiment with Drosophila melanogaster, a researcher observed that the gray-bodied fly (gene A) and short wings (gene B) were frequently inherited together, while the black-bodied fly and long wings were also commonly observed together. After crosses and analyses, the researcher concluded that genes A and B demonstrate a pattern of linkage and that the recombination frequency between them is 10%. What is the definition of linkage and how can the recombination frequency between genes A and B be used to determine the genetic distance between them in centimorgan map units (cM)?