(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Hard of Physical Education

Handball is a team sport that has origins in different practices carried out in Egypt, Greece, and Rome, evolving throughout history to the modern rules established in Europe in the early 20th century. Currently, handball is known for its dynamics, agility, and strategy, being one of the most practiced sports in several countries, with a highlight on the world championships that bring together high-level teams. Considering the importance of mastering the rules and strategies in handball, and knowing that a player was punished with a yellow card during a match, what is the direct consequence of this action according to the International Handball Federation (IHF) international standards, in a situation that can influence the team's performance?

Volleyball, created in the late 19th century by William G. Morgan in the United States, quickly spread around the world, becoming one of the most popular sports in terms of participation and spectators. With its complex strategies, varied game dynamics, and demand for specific physical and technical skills, volleyball is a sport rich in details. In a volleyball match, reading the game is fundamental to anticipate and react to opponents' actions, and the players' positions on the court play a crucial role in this aspect. Consider a situation where a team is devising its game strategy to overcome a notoriously strong opponent in blocking. The coach, knowing well the capabilities of his athletes, decides to position the middle blocker, who has good blocking ability, in a position that historically offers a tactical advantage in direct confrontation with the opposing opposite hitter, who accelerates his jumping ability. Analyzing the interaction between the laws of physics and the biomechanics of the human body, determine the ideal position of the middle blocker in relation to the net at the moment when the opposing attacker is most likely to touch the ball to overcome the block, considering that both players are in ideal conditions to execute their actions and disregarding any effects of wind or other external variables.

During an athletics competition, a group of 2nd-year high school students decided to investigate the performance in track and field sports and its relation to the laws of physics. In particular, they focused on high jump and shot put. In high jump, they observed that an athlete, weighing 70 kg, reached a height of 1.90 m in his best attempt, while in shot put, another athlete, with the same weight, threw a 7.26 kg weight a distance of 15.00 m. Considering that the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s² and that there was no significant air influence on the observed movements, calculate the mechanical energy involved in the movement of each athlete in their respective activities. Relate these values to the necessary muscular power and discuss how understanding these quantities can be applied to optimize the athletes' performance in track and field sports.

In the sports context, ethics plays a fundamental role in ensuring integrity, respect, and justice in competitions. Ethical conduct in sports involves compliance with rules, the appreciation of honesty, and the promotion of sportsmanship. Considering the importance of ethics in sports practice, discuss how the violation of ethical principles, such as doping or match-fixing, can affect the credibility of sports and the development of athletes. Also, analyze the responsibility of different sports agents, including athletes, coaches, officials, and regulatory bodies, in promoting a culture of integrity and ethics in sports, and how these agents can act to prevent and combat unethical practices in sports. Relate your analysis to practical examples of ethical violations that have had a significant impact on the sports world and discuss the consequences of these violations for the sports community and society at large.