Contextualization

Theoretical Introduction

Amides are organic compounds of natural or synthetic origin, widely distributed in various types of living tissues, mainly of animal and plant origin. They are characterized by having in their structure the functional group -CONH2 (carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, linked to a hydrogen group), which is a combination of the carboxyl functional group and amine.

The compounds that are part of this class have a wide variety of physical and chemical characteristics, ranging from solids at room temperature, such as urea, to low-volatility liquid substances, such as DMF (Dimethylformamide). In addition, amides have a wide range of applications in the industry, such as in condensation reactions for the production of polymers and resins, as solvents in plant extracts, in dyeing processes, and in surface treatment.

The reactivity of amides is influenced by various factors, such as the position of the functional group in the carbon chain, the type and quantity of substituents linked to nitrogen, the reaction medium, and the temperature. Understanding these aspects is essential for the realization of chemical syntheses involving these molecules.

Contextualization

Amides are found in a huge variety of molecules that are essential for life, such as proteins, which are amino acid polymers linked by peptide bonds (which are a class of amides). They also present interesting pharmacological properties, being found in various drugs used for the treatment of diseases.

Furthermore, amides are present in everyday life in a broader way than one can imagine. Urea, for example, is a diamide (has two -CONH2 groups) and is used in agriculture as a fertilizer and in the cosmetic industry in the composition of moisturizing creams. Acetanilide, another amide, was the first synthetic analgesic to be commercialized and is still the basis for the production of many medications.

Therefore, understanding amides is fundamental for the formation of an informed and conscious citizen, capable of understanding and questioning the world around them. Understanding the theory behind central themes, applying this knowledge in a practical way, and developing a detailed report on the conclusions are the basis for the formation of good professionals and citizens.

Practical Activity

Activity Title: "Amides in Everyday Life: From Theory to Practice"

Project Objective:

The objective of this project is to build a deep understanding of the nature, properties, synthesis, reactivity, applicability of amides and their implications for health and the environment. Additionally, it aims to develop skills in organization, research, teamwork, and communication through the preparation of a scientific report.

Detailed Project Description:

The project will be developed in three interrelated fronts:

1. Theoretical: The group must deeply study the chemical structure of amides, their physicochemical properties, synthesis methods, and chemical reactions.

2. Practical: Students will carry out, in the laboratory, the synthesis of an amide from an amine and a carboxylic acid. They must identify the synthesized amide through simple tests, such as fusion, boiling, and solubility tests.

3. Applicability and implications: The group must research and reflect on two aspects:

   • Applications of amides in everyday life, showing where these compounds are present and their utilities.
   • Health and environmental impacts, addressing possible toxic effects and improper disposal of these substances.

Required Materials:

For the practical part, the following materials will be necessary:

• Suitable amine and carboxylic acid (according to the teacher's guidance)
• Heater
• Test tubes and glass rod
• Burette and funnel
• Personal protective equipment (lab coat, gloves, safety goggles)

Detailed Step-by-Step for Activity Execution:

1. Divide into groups of three to five students. Each group will have to research and understand the content theoretically, carry out the practical part, and develop a report together.

2. Develop the study on amides, delving into related concepts. Use the suggested resources and others that you find interesting.

3. Carry out the synthesis of the amide in the laboratory, under the teacher's guidance.

4. Identify the synthesized amide through simple tests. Document the entire process with photos and observations that will be included in the report.

5. Research the applications of amides in everyday life and the related health and environmental impacts. These data should also be included in the report.

Project Deliverables:

The main product of this project is a report that should contain four main sections:

1. Introduction: Present the synthesized amide, the project's context, and the relevance of studying amides.

2. Development: Describe the theory studied, the amide synthesis process, the tests performed, the methodology used, and the results obtained. Include here, also, discussions on the applications of amides and their implications for health and the environment.

3. Conclusion: Recap the main points of the work, highlighting important learnings and reflections.

4. Bibliography: Cite all sources consulted during the project.

The report must be submitted to the teacher in digital format, along with a seminar for the class, where you will present your results and discussions. All activities should be divided among team members, seeking equity in everyone's participation.