Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand and identify cohesion in a text: Students will learn how to recognize and understand the concept of cohesion in a text. They will be able to identify cohesive devices like pronouns, conjunctions, and transitions and understand how these elements create a flow in the text.

2. Learn to improve clarity in writing: Students will explore how cohesive devices can enhance the clarity of their writing. They will learn how to use these devices effectively to connect ideas, create logical sequences, and present a clear argument or narrative.

3. Apply the knowledge to their own writing: The ultimate goal of this session is for students to be able to apply what they've learned about cohesion and clarity to their own writing. By the end of the lesson, they should be able to use cohesive devices to improve the flow and clarity of their sentences and paragraphs.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Knowledge: The teacher begins the lesson by reviewing the basic concepts of sentence structure, paragraph formation, and basic writing skills. They can ask questions like "What is a sentence?" "What is a paragraph?" "Why do we need to connect our ideas in a text?" The teacher also reviews the use of pronouns, conjunctions, and transitions in writing.

2. Problem Situations: The teacher presents two problem situations to the students. The first situation is a paragraph where the ideas are not connected, leading to a lack of coherence and clarity. The second situation is a paragraph where the ideas are well-connected, leading to a clear and cohesive text. The teacher asks the students to identify the differences between the two examples and what makes the second paragraph more understandable.

3. Real-World Context: The teacher explains the importance of cohesion and clarity in everyday life. They can give examples like reading a set of instructions, understanding a news article, or following a conversation. The teacher emphasizes that these skills are not just important for writing essays in school, but also for communicating effectively in various contexts.

4. Topic Introduction: The teacher introduces the topic of cohesion and clarity in writing, explaining that these are the tools that writers use to make their ideas flow and their texts easy to understand. They can use a simple analogy like a puzzle or a road map to explain how cohesive devices work in a text.

5. Curiosity Sparking: To grab the students' attention, the teacher shares two interesting stories. The first story is about how a lack of cohesion and clarity in a legal document once led to a major misunderstanding and a long court battle. The second story is about a famous author who was a master of using cohesive devices in his writing to create suspense and keep readers engaged. The teacher can also share a fun fact that pronouns are one of the most frequently used cohesive devices in English, and without them, our sentences would be much longer and more confusing.

6. Topic Importance: The teacher emphasizes that learning about cohesion and clarity is not just about improving their writing skills, it's about becoming better communicators, critical thinkers, and problem solvers. The teacher also explains that these skills are not just important for their English class, but for all subjects and future academic and professional endeavors.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

Activity 1: Cohesion Challenge

This is a fun, hands-on activity that will help students understand the importance of using cohesive devices in their writing.

1. The teacher divides the class into small groups of 4 or 5 students. Each group receives a mix of sentences that are not connected and some that are properly connected.

2. The teacher sets a timer for 10 minutes and tasks each group to sort the sentences into two categories: 'Cohesive' and 'Not Cohesive'.

3. After the 10 minutes, each group will share their sorted sentences with the class. The teacher will guide a short discussion on why they considered some sentences cohesive and others not.

4. Next, the teacher introduces a second challenge. This time, the groups are tasked with using the 'Not Cohesive' sentences and adding cohesive devices to make them more understandable. They can use pronouns, conjunctions, or transitions.

5. The groups are given another 10 minutes to complete the challenge. Afterward, one representative from each group shares one of their sentences, explaining the cohesive device they added and how it improved the sentence's clarity.

Activity 2: Cohesion in Action

This activity will help students see how cohesion works in a larger text, such as a paragraph or mini-essay.

1. The teacher provides each group with a mini-essay. The essay should be about a topic that is easy to understand, but the ideas are not well-connected.

2. The teacher provides each group with colored pencils or markers of different colors and explains that each color represents a different cohesive device: one color for pronouns, another for conjunctions, and another for transitions.

3. The teacher instructs the groups to read the essay and underline the sentences where they think a cohesive device should be used and then use the colored pencils to indicate which type of device they would use.

4. After all the groups have finished, the teacher asks for volunteers to share their revised essays with the class. The teacher then leads a discussion on how the added cohesive devices improved the clarity and flow of the essay.

Activity 3: Cohesion Challenge 2.0

This activity builds on the first challenge but adds a bit of complexity. It's designed to help students practice using cohesive devices in their own writing.

1. The teacher provides each group with a short, incomplete story. The story should be missing some sentences and have some sentences that are not well-connected.

2. The groups are tasked with completing the story, using cohesive devices to connect the ideas and make the story flow.

3. Each group then shares their completed story with the class. The teacher leads a discussion on how the added cohesive devices improved the clarity and flow of the story.

These activities will not only help students understand cohesion and clarity, but it will also give them the chance to practice using cohesive devices in a fun and engaging way. By the end of the activities, students should have a good grasp of what cohesion is, why it's important, and how to use it effectively in their writing.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussions: The teacher facilitates a group discussion, where each group has a chance to present their solutions or conclusions from the activities. The teacher encourages other students to ask questions, provide feedback, and express their thoughts about the solutions presented. This discussion allows students to learn from each other, understand different perspectives, and reinforce their understanding of the topic.

2. Connecting Activities to Theory: The teacher then guides the discussion towards connecting the activities with the theory. They can ask questions like "How did adding cohesive devices improve the clarity and flow of the text?" or "Can you give examples of how you can use cohesion in your own writing to make it more understandable?" This step is crucial in ensuring that students not only understand the practical application of the topic but also its theoretical underpinnings.

3. Reflection Time: After the group discussions, the teacher gives the students a moment to reflect on what they have learned. They can ask the students to think about the most important concept they learned today, any questions they still have, and how they can apply what they've learned in their future writing. This reflection time allows students to internalize the learning and identify areas they need to further explore.

4. Feedback Collection: To assess the effectiveness of the lesson, the teacher can ask the students to provide feedback. They can ask questions like "What was the most engaging part of the lesson?" "What was the most challenging part of the lesson?" "What would you like to learn more about?" This feedback can be used to improve future lessons and ensure that the students' learning needs are being met.

5. Summarizing the Lesson: Finally, the teacher summarizes the key points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of cohesion and clarity in writing. They can also provide some tips or strategies for using cohesive devices effectively in their writing. For example, they can suggest that students start by focusing on using pronouns to avoid repetition, then move on to using conjunctions and transitions to connect their ideas. The teacher also encourages the students to continue practicing their writing skills, using the knowledge they've gained in this lesson.

This feedback stage is crucial in the learning process as it allows students to reflect on their learning, provides the teacher with valuable insights into the effectiveness of the lesson, and ensures that the learning objectives of the lesson are met. It also sets the stage for further exploration and application of the topic in future lessons.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recap: The teacher begins the conclusion by summarizing the main points of the lesson. They reiterate the definition of cohesion as the logical and consistent flow of ideas in a text, and clarify that this is achieved through the use of cohesive devices like pronouns, conjunctions, and transitions. The teacher also reminds the students about the importance of clarity in writing and how it is linked to cohesion. They can do this by referring back to the examples used during the lesson and the students' own work in the activities.

2. Connection of Theory, Practice, and Applications: The teacher then explains how the lesson connected theory, practice, and real-world applications. They discuss how the theoretical understanding of cohesion and clarity was put into practice through the hands-on activities, and how these activities helped the students understand the practical application of these concepts in their own writing. The teacher also highlights the real-world importance of these skills, emphasizing how they are not just important for academic writing but also for everyday communication and understanding of texts.

3. Additional Materials: The teacher suggests some additional materials for the students to further their understanding of the topic. This could include online resources, grammar books, or worksheets that focus on using cohesive devices. The teacher can also recommend some books or articles that demonstrate effective use of cohesion and clarity in writing.

4. Relevance to Everyday Life: Lastly, the teacher discusses the importance of the topic in everyday life. They explain how the skills learned in this lesson can be applied in various situations, such as reading a news article, following a set of instructions, or writing a persuasive essay. The teacher also emphasizes that these skills are not just important for their English class, but for all subjects and future academic and professional endeavors. They can give examples of how effective communication and clear writing are valued in the workplace, in university, and even in personal relationships.

5. Closing Remarks: The teacher concludes the lesson by encouraging the students to continue practicing their writing skills, using the knowledge they've gained in this lesson. They remind the students that becoming a clear and cohesive writer is a process that takes time and practice, but with the skills they've learned in this lesson, they are on the right path.