Objectives (5 minutes)

1. To understand the phenomenon of wave refraction:

   • Identify the change in direction and velocity of a wave when passing from one medium to another.
   • Calculate the index of refraction of a medium.

2. To apply Snell's law in the resolution of practical problems:

   • Interpret and apply Snell's law to solve problems involving the refraction of waves.

3. To develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills:

   • Analyze problem situations involving wave refraction and propose solutions using the concepts learned.

Secondary objectives:

• To encourage teamwork and cooperation among students through practical activities.
• To foster students' curiosity and questioning of the physics of waves and its applications in everyday life.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher will begin the class by recalling fundamental concepts about waves, such as amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and propagation speed. This can be done through a brief discussion, quick questions, or a short quiz. (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Presentation of problem situations: The teacher will then present two problem situations that involve the refraction of waves. For example, the first situation could be that of a pencil partially submerged in a glass of water, and the second could be that of a beam of light passing from one medium to another in a prism. These situations will serve as the starting point for the theoretical introduction of the topic. (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the importance of the subject: The teacher will explain how wave refraction is a fundamental phenomenon in several areas of science and technology. Practical application examples will be given, such as the formation of rainbows, the lens of a camera, and the operation of a microscope. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic: To arouse students' interest, the teacher can start the topic introduction with two curiosities. The first is that the speed of light changes when it passes from one medium to another, and this is why light appears to "bend" when it passes from one medium to another. The second is that the phenomenon of refraction is responsible for the optical illusion of a pencil appearing broken when it is partially submerged in a glass of water. (3 - 4 minutes)

5. Statement of Objectives: The teacher then states the objectives of the lesson, explaining that the students will understand what wave refraction is, how it occurs, and how we can calculate the change in direction and velocity of a wave when passing from one medium to another. (1 - 2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Practical Activity 1: The Refraction Challenge (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher will divide the class into small groups of no more than 5 students. Each group will receive an experiment kit containing: a basin of water, a laser beam, some transparent objects (glass of water, prism, lens, etc.), and a set of cards with lines drawn.

   • The objective of the activity is for students, using the available materials, to create their own experiments to observe the phenomenon of refraction. They must plan, execute, and record their experiments, describing the changes in direction and speed of the laser beam as it passes through the different transparent objects. In addition, they should try to measure the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction in each experiment.

   • The teacher will circulate the room, assisting the groups when necessary and encouraging discussion and the exchange of ideas among students.

2. Practical Activity 2: The Light in the Tunnel (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Still in their groups, the students will be given the following task: "Imagine that you are engineers responsible for building an underwater tunnel. You need to make sure that the sunlight that hits the water's surface reaches the bottom of the tunnel. How can you use the phenomenon of refraction to solve this problem?"

   • Students will have to propose a solution, describing the type of material they will use in the tunnel ceiling and the angle of inclination of this material. They should also calculate the refractive index of this material, considering that sunlight in the air has an angle of incidence of 45° and the light in the tunnel will have an angle of refraction of 30°.

   • The teacher will guide the students through the problem-solving process, clarifying doubts and encouraging creativity and logical reasoning.

3. Discussion and Conclusions (5 - 7 minutes)

   • After completing the practical activities, the teacher will promote a class discussion. Each group will briefly present their experiments and the proposed solution to the underwater tunnel problem.

   • The teacher will ask questions to stimulate students' reflection, such as "How is the change in direction and speed of the laser beam related to refraction?", "How did you calculate the index of refraction of the tunnel material?" and "What were the main difficulties encountered during the experiments and problem-solving?"

   • Finally, the teacher will summarize the main conclusions of the lesson, reinforcing the concepts learned and the importance of wave refraction in our daily lives.

Feedback (10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher will gather all the students and promote a group discussion about the solutions or conclusions found by each team. Each group will have up to 2 minutes to share their findings and reflections. The teacher should ensure that all students have the opportunity to speak and that the discussions are respectful and constructive.

2. Connection to Theory (3 - 4 minutes)

   • After the presentations, the teacher will summarize what was discussed, highlighting how the solutions proposed by the students are related to the theory of wave refraction.
   • The teacher can point out, for example, how the angles of incidence and refraction calculated by the students correspond to the changes in direction and speed observed in the experiments.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher will ask the students to reflect individually on what they learned during the class. To this end, the teacher can ask questions such as: "What was the most important concept that you learned today?" and "What questions have yet to be answered?"
   • The students will have one minute to think about the answers. They can write down their reflections in a notebook or share them orally with the class.

4. Feedback and Closing (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher will close the lesson by asking for feedback from the students about the lesson. Students may be asked about what they liked the most about the lesson, what they found most challenging, and what they would like to learn more about the topic.
   • The teacher can also take this opportunity to clarify any doubts that may still exist and to give a preview of what will be learned in the next lesson.
   • Finally, the teacher will thank the students for their participation and reinforce the importance of continuous study and practice for learning physics.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher will summarize the main points discussed during the class, reiterating the concept of wave refraction, the importance of Snell's law, and the practical application of these concepts in everyday situations.
   • They will also recall the practical activities carried out, highlighting the students' findings and conclusions, and how they connect with the theory presented.
   • Finally, the teacher will reaffirm the learning objectives of the lesson and check if they have been achieved.

2. Connection of Theory with Practice (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher will explain how the class connected the theory of wave refraction to practice, using the activities carried out as an example.
   • They will highlight how the theoretical understanding of physical phenomena allowed students to plan and execute experiments, and how the observation and analysis of the results helped to consolidate theoretical concepts.

3. Supplementary Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher will suggest complementary materials so that the students can deepen their knowledge of wave refraction.
   • These materials may include textbooks, educational websites, explanatory videos, virtual simulators, and physics applications.
   • The teacher may share a list of these materials with the class, via email, an online learning platform, or a bulletin board in the classroom.

4. Relevance of the Subject (1 minute)

   • To conclude, the teacher will reinforce the importance of studying wave refraction, highlighting its applications in various fields of knowledge and in everyday life.
   • They can give examples of real situations where understanding this phenomenon is fundamental, such as in the formation of rainbows, in the operation of camera lenses and glasses, and in medical diagnostic techniques, among others.
   • The aim is to show students that physics is not just a set of abstract concepts, but a powerful tool for understanding and transforming the world around us.