Lesson Plan | Traditional Methodology | Organic Functions: Hydrocarbons

Objectives

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

The purpose of this stage is to establish a clear and common foundation for all students about what will be covered in the lesson. From the definition of the objectives, it will be easier to direct students' attention and focus, ensuring they understand the importance of the topic and what is expected of them to learn. This way, everyone will be aligned with the content and skills to be developed throughout the lesson.

Main Objectives

1. Understand that hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.

2. Identify the main properties and characteristics of hydrocarbons.

3. Recognize the importance of hydrocarbons in organic chemistry and practical applications.

Introduction

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

 Purpose: The purpose of this stage is to spark students' interest in the topic by showing the relevance and presence of hydrocarbons in their daily lives. By connecting the content with practical examples and curiosities, students will feel more engaged and motivated to learn. Furthermore, providing a clear context will help students understand the importance of the topic and prepare for the content to be discussed throughout the lesson.

Context

離 Context: To begin our lesson on hydrocarbons, it is essential to understand that these compounds are the basis of organic chemistry. Hydrocarbons are compounds formed exclusively by carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are found in various forms in nature, from methane gas that comes from swamps to the oil that fuels our vehicles. Their structure can vary from the simplest, such as methane (CH₄), to the most complex, such as aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds are fundamentally important both in nature and in industry, being essential for the production of fuels, plastics, and many other everyday materials.

Curiosities

 Curiosity: Did you know that oil, one of the main hydrocarbons, is responsible for over 30% of the energy consumed in the world? Additionally, it is the raw material for the production of plastics, synthetic rubbers, and even medicines. Without hydrocarbons, our modern society would be very different, as many of the products we use daily depend on them!

Development

Duration: 60 - 70 minutes

 Purpose: This stage aims to deepen students' knowledge about hydrocarbons, addressing everything from their definition and classification to their properties and applications. By detailing each topic and providing practical examples, students will have a more comprehensive and robust understanding of the subject. The proposed questions at the end will serve to consolidate learning and allow students to apply the acquired knowledge practically.

Covered Topics

1.  Definition and Classification of Hydrocarbons: Explain that hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed exclusively by carbon and hydrogen atoms. Detail the main classifications: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. Use specific examples for each type, such as methane (alkane), ethene (alkene), ethyne (alkyne), and benzene (aromatic). 2.  Structure and Nomenclature: Demonstrate how to identify and name hydrocarbons using IUPAC rules. Provide practical examples and develop the nomenclature for simple and branched compounds. Show the importance of carbon chains and functional groups in determining names. 3.  Physical and Chemical Properties: Describe the physical properties of hydrocarbons, such as melting point, boiling point, and solubility. Explain the chemical properties, emphasizing typical reactions, such as combustion and halogenation. Use chemical equations to illustrate these reactions. 4.  Importance and Applications of Hydrocarbons: Discuss the importance of hydrocarbons in industry and daily life. Explain how they are used in the production of fuels (gasoline, diesel, natural gas), plastics, solvents, and other materials. Highlight the economic and environmental relevance of these compounds.

Classroom Questions

1. 1️⃣ What is the main difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? Provide an example for each type of hydrocarbon. 2. 2️⃣ Explain the nomenclature process of a branched hydrocarbon using the compound 2-methylbutane as an example. 3. 3️⃣ Describe the main chemical reactions that hydrocarbons can undergo, emphasizing the combustion reaction. Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane (C₃H₈).

Questions Discussion

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

 Purpose: The purpose of this stage is to review and consolidate the knowledge acquired by students, ensuring that they fully understand the concepts discussed. Through the discussion of answers and engagement with reflective questions, students will be able to deepen their understanding and apply knowledge critically and contextually.

Discussion

• 1️⃣ What is the main difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? Provide an example for each type of hydrocarbon.

Explain that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they have only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Examples include methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆). Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms; an example is ethene (C₂H₄). Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons but have one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms; an example is ethyne (C₂H₂).

• 2️⃣ Explain the nomenclature process of a branched hydrocarbon using the compound 2-methylbutane as an example.

Detail that the nomenclature of hydrocarbons follows IUPAC rules. In the case of 2-methylbutane, the main chain is butane, which has four carbon atoms. The prefix 'methyl' indicates a methyl group (CH₃) attached to the second carbon atom of the main chain. Thus, the complete name is 2-methylbutane.

• 3️⃣ Describe the main chemical reactions that hydrocarbons can undergo, emphasizing the combustion reaction. Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane (C₃H₈).

Explain that hydrocarbons can undergo various chemical reactions, with a focus on combustion, which is the reaction with oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water. The balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane is: C₃H₈ + 5 O₂ → 3 CO₂ + 4 H₂O.

Student Engagement

1. ❓ Ask the students: What is the importance of hydrocarbons in global energy production? 2. ❓ Reflection: How can the presence of different functional groups alter the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons? 3. ❓ Discussion: Considering the economic importance of hydrocarbons, what are the main environmental challenges associated with their use?

Conclusion

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

The purpose of this stage is to review the main points addressed in the lesson, reinforcing learning and ensuring that students have a clear and cohesive view of the content presented. Additionally, by connecting theory with practice, students can understand the applicability and importance of the discussed concepts, making learning more meaningful and contextualized.

Summary

• Understanding that hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed exclusively by carbon and hydrogen.
• Classification of hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics.
• Identification and nomenclature of hydrocarbons using IUPAC rules.
• Physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons, including melting point, boiling point, solubility, combustion, and halogenation.
• Importance of hydrocarbons in industry and daily life, including their applications in fuels, plastics, and solvents.

The lesson connected theory with practice by providing specific examples of each type of hydrocarbon, such as methane, ethene, ethyne, and benzene. Moreover, the practical applications of hydrocarbons were discussed, such as in the production of fuels and plastics, illustrating how these compounds are essential in various aspects of daily life and industry.

The subject of hydrocarbons is extremely relevant to daily life as they are fundamental to the production of energy, plastics, solvents, and many other essential materials. Oil, for example, is a hydrocarbon that plays a crucial role in the global economy and is the basis for the manufacture of countless products we use daily.