Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the nature of celestial objects: The teacher should make sure that students understand what a celestial object is and how they are formed. This includes explaining the formation of stars, planets, moons, comets, asteroids, and galaxies.

2. Differentiate between the types of celestial objects: The teacher should help students distinguish between the different types of celestial objects, including their distinct characteristics and how they behave in space.

3. Develop observation skills: The teacher should encourage students to observe the night sky and identify different celestial objects. They should learn how to identify planets, constellations, and other objects visible to the naked eye.

Secondary Goals

• Encourage curiosity and interest in Astronomy: Throughout the lesson, the teacher should try to spark students' curiosity and increase their interest in Astronomy. This can be done through trivia, interesting stories, and practical applications.

• Develop research and presentation skills: If time allows, the teacher can have students conduct research on a celestial object of their choice and then present their findings to the class. This will help them develop their research and presentation skills.

• Stimulate imagination and creativity: The teacher can provide activities that encourage students to imagine and create scenarios related to celestial objects. For example, they can be asked to write a science fiction story involving a celestial object or to draw an artistic representation of an astronomical phenomenon.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the class by recalling the basic concepts of Astronomy that were studied previously. This includes the definition of astronomy, the study of the universe, and explaining how the Earth is just one of many celestial bodies. Additionally, it is important to remind students about the solar system and the stars like the Sun. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Statement: The teacher can then present two problem statements to trigger students' thinking.

   • The first problem statement could be: "Imagine you are on a planet that has two moons. How do you think your daily life would be with two moons in the sky?"
   • The second problem statement could be: "Suppose that one day you observe a bright object in the sky that doesn't look like anything you have ever seen before. How could you find out if it is a planet, a comet, or something else entirely?" (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then explain the importance of Astronomy in everyday life. It can be mentioned how Astronomy is used in navigation, weather forecasting, satellite communication, and GPS technology. Also, it can be mentioned how Astronomy helps us to understand the origin and evolution of the universe. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Gaining Students' Attention: To gain the students' attention, the teacher can share some trivia or interesting stories about celestial objects. For example:

   • "Did you know that the Milky Way, our galaxy, has about 100 billion stars? And there are billions of other galaxies in the universe? This shows how vast and mysterious the universe that surrounds us is."
   • "Another interesting fact is that most of the universe is made up of something that we cannot even see: the so-called dark matter. Scientists are still trying to understand what dark matter is and how it affects the evolution of the universe." (3 - 5 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Definition and Characteristics of Celestial Objects (5 - 7 minutes)

   • Stars: The teacher should start by explaining that stars are giant balls of gas that emit light and heat. It should be highlighted that stars have different sizes and masses, which determine the color and temperature of their light. Also, it should be mentioned that stars are grouped into galaxies and that our star, the Sun, belongs to the Milky Way.
   • Planets: Next, the teacher should explain that planets are celestial bodies that orbit a star and do not emit their own light. It should be mentioned that planets are spherical due to their own gravity, and that our solar system has eight planets, including the Earth.
   • Moons: The teacher should explain that moons are celestial bodies that orbit a planet. It should be mentioned that the Earth has only one moon, but that other planets have multiple moons.
   • Comets: The teacher should mention that comets are celestial bodies that are made of ice, dust, and rock. It should be explained that comets have elongated orbits and that, as they get closer to the Sun, the heat turns the ice into gas, forming a bright tail.
   • Asteroids: The teacher should explain that asteroids are rocky and metallic celestial bodies that orbit the Sun. It should be mentioned that most asteroids are located in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter.
   • Galaxies: The teacher should explain that galaxies are large systems of stars, gas, and dust, held together by gravity. It should be mentioned that the universe contains billions of galaxies, each containing billions of stars.

2. Behavior of Celestial Objects in Space (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should explain that celestial objects move in space according to the laws of physics, especially the law of gravity. It should be mentioned that gravity is the force that keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun and the moons in orbit around the planets.
   • It should be explained that rotation is the motion of a celestial object around its own axis, while revolution is the motion of a celestial object around another object in space. It should be mentioned that the Earth's rotation causes day and night, while the Earth's revolution around the Sun causes the seasons.
   • It should be explained that comets have elongated orbits and that, as they get closer to the Sun, the heat turns the ice into gas, forming a bright tail.
   • It should be mentioned that asteroids sometimes collide with other celestial objects, such as planets, moons, or other asteroids.

3. Practical Activity: Observation of the Night Sky (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher should take the students to an outdoor location where it is possible to observe the night sky. It should be explained that even in a city with many lights, it is possible to see some celestial objects, such as bright stars and planets.
   • The teacher should guide the students as they observe the night sky and try to identify different celestial objects. It should be explained that it is possible to identify some planets, such as Venus and Jupiter, because they are very bright and do not twinkle, unlike stars.
   • The teacher should guide the students as they try to identify some constellations. It should be explained that constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that were used by ancient people to help with navigation.
   • The teacher should encourage students to ask questions and to share their observations. It should be explained that Astronomy is a field of study that is constantly changing, and that scientists still have many unanswered questions about the universe.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review and Reflection (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should begin by reviewing the main points of the lesson, recapping what was learned about different types of celestial object, their characteristics and their behaviours in space.
   • The teacher should then ask students to reflect for a moment on the problem situations that were presented at the start of the lesson. Students should consider how the knowledge gained during the lesson could help them to resolve these situations.
   • The teacher should encourage students to share their reflections with the class. This could be done through oral discussion or by asking students to write down their responses on a piece of paper and then share them.

2. Connection with Theory and Practice (3 - 5 minutes)

   • The teacher should explain how the night sky observation activity relates to the theory that was learnt during the lesson. It should be emphasised that Astronomy is not only a theoretical subject but also an experimental science that involves observing the night sky directly and analysing data collected by telescopes and other instruments.
   • The teacher should ask students what they learnt during the observation activity. Were they able to identify any celestial object? What did they find most interesting or surprising?

3. Practical Applications (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should explain how knowledge of celestial objects can be applied to everyday life. For example, knowledge of the seasons, which is caused by the Earth's revolution around the Sun, is important for farming and weather forecasting.
   • The teacher should also mention some careers that involve studying celestial objects, such as astronomy, astrophysics, astrobiology and aerospace engineering.
   • The teacher should ask students if they can think of any other practical applications of the knowledge gained during the lesson.

4. Feedback for the Teacher (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should ask the students to provide feedback on the lesson. What did they enjoy the most? What did they find most challenging? What would they like to learn more about in the future? Student feedback is important for the teacher in evaluating the effectiveness of the lesson and making adjustments for future lessons.
   • The teacher should thank students for their feedback and encourage them to continue studying and taking an interest in Astronomy.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary of the Contents (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should recap the main points covered in the lesson, revisiting the different types of celestial objects, their distinctive characteristics, and their behaviours in space. The teacher should also reinforce the importance of night sky observation as a practical and valuable method of study in Astronomy.

2. Connection Between Theory, Practice and Applications (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should highlight how the lesson connected theory, practice, and the applications of Astronomy. The teacher should stress that, although Astronomy is a theoretical science, it also relies on experimentation and direct observation. They should further reinforce the practical applications of the knowledge gained, such as understanding the seasons and the potential for scientific careers in Astronomy.

3. Supplementary Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should suggest additional resources for students who wish to delve deeper into Astronomy. These could include books, documentaries, websites, sky observation apps, and more. For example, the book "Cosmos" by Carl Sagan, the documentary series "The Universe" by the History Channel and the "Star Walk" app for identifying stars and planets in the night sky.

4. Relevance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the relevance of studying Astronomy to everyday life. They should explain how knowledge of celestial objects not only helps us to understand the vastness and complexity of the universe but also has practical applications in diverse fields ranging from agriculture to space technology. The teacher should stress that Astronomy is not simply a school subject but a powerful tool for exploring and understanding the world around us.

5. Closing Remarks (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should thank the students for their participation and for showing interest in the lesson. The teacher should encourage the students to continue studying and questioning the universe and the nature of celestial objects. Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of continued study and critical thinking for effective learning in any discipline.