Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding Relative Velocity: Students should be able to define the concept of relative velocity and understand how it is calculated. They should be able to explain how two moving bodies can have different relative velocities, depending on the chosen reference frame.

2. Application of Formulas: Students should be able to apply the formulas of relative velocity in real situations. This includes calculating the velocity of one body in relation to another, given the velocity of each body in relation to a third reference frame.

3. Problem Solving: Students should be able to solve problems involving relative velocity. This includes interpreting the problem statement, identifying the quantities involved, and correctly applying the formulas.

Secondary Objectives:

• Development of Logical Thinking: Solving problems of relative velocity involves the application of physics concepts and formulas, as well as the development of logical thinking. Students will be encouraged to think analytically and solve problems in a logical and systematic way.

• Promoting Teamwork: Through group problem-solving, students will be encouraged to collaborate with each other, improving their communication and teamwork skills. This can also help promote a more collaborative and inclusive learning environment.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Concepts: The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing important concepts that were previously studied and are essential for understanding the current topic. This may include defining velocity and interpreting motion graphs. The teacher can use practical examples and everyday situations to illustrate these concepts and ensure that students are familiar with them.

2. Problem Situation: Next, the teacher can present two problem situations that introduce the concept of relative velocity. For example, one could ask: "Imagine you are inside a bus moving at 30 km/h. You throw a ball up and the ball falls back into your hands. What is the velocity of the ball in relation to you? And in relation to a person standing on the sidewalk?" or "Imagine you are on a boat moving at 20 km/h on a river flowing at 10 km/h in the same direction. What is the velocity of the boat in relation to the riverbank?" These situations should serve as a trigger for introducing the concept of relative velocity.

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then contextualize the importance of studying relative velocity, showing how this concept is applied in everyday situations and in various areas of science and technology. For example, relative velocity is fundamental for maritime and aerial navigation, for the study of planetary and stellar motion, for weather forecasting, among others.

4. Topic Introduction: To engage students, the teacher can introduce the topic by sharing curiosities or stories related to relative velocity. For example, one could mention Einstein's theory of relativity, which states that the speed of light is absolute and all other movements are relative to it. Another interesting curiosity is the Doppler effect, which causes a change in the frequency of a wave (such as sound or light) when the source and the observer are in relative motion to each other.

By the end of the Introduction, students should be engaged and motivated to learn more about relative velocity, understanding its importance and applicability.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory (10 - 12 minutes): The teacher should start the Development part of the lesson by presenting the theory behind relative velocity. This includes defining the concept, explaining how it is calculated, and presenting the corresponding formulas. The teacher should use practical examples and everyday situations to illustrate each aspect of the theory and ensure that students are understanding.

   1. Definition of Relative Velocity: The teacher should explain that relative velocity is the measure of the velocity of an object in relation to another. It depends on the chosen reference frame, that is, the point of view from which the measurement is made.

   2. How to Calculate Relative Velocity: The teacher should present the formulas for calculating relative velocity. For example, if two objects A and B are moving in the same direction and object A has a higher velocity than object B, the relative velocity of object A in relation to object B is the difference between the velocities of the two objects. If the objects are moving in opposite directions, the relative velocity is the sum of the velocities. If the objects are moving in perpendicular directions, the relative velocity can be found using the Pythagorean theorem.

   3. Practical Examples: The teacher should present several practical examples that illustrate the application of relative velocity formulas. For example, the teacher can show how to calculate the relative velocity of two cars on a road, of a boat on a river, of an airplane in relation to the ground, and so on.

2. Practical Activity (10 - 13 minutes): After presenting the theory, the teacher should propose a practical activity for students to apply what they have learned. The activity may involve solving problems of relative velocity or analyzing everyday situations involving this concept.

   1. Problem Solving: The teacher should present some problems involving the calculation of relative velocity and allow students to solve them in groups. The problems should vary from easy to difficult to meet the needs of all students. The teacher should circulate around the room, assisting groups that are having difficulties and encouraging discussion and logical reasoning.

   2. Analysis of Everyday Situations: The teacher can propose that students analyze everyday situations involving relative velocity. For example, the teacher can ask: "When you are walking on a moving bus, why do you feel like you are being pushed back when the bus accelerates and forward when the bus brakes?" or "When you are inside a taking off airplane, why do you feel like you are being pushed back in your seat?".

By the end of the Development, students should be familiar with the theory of relative velocity and be able to apply it to solve problems and analyze practical situations.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should gather all students and promote a group discussion about the solutions or conclusions found by each one. This can be done through the presentation of problems solved by the groups or the discussion of the analysis of everyday situations. The goal is to allow students to share their ideas, doubts, and difficulties, and to learn from each other. The teacher should encourage the participation of all students and ensure that the discussion is respectful and constructive.

2. Connection to Practice (2 - 3 minutes): After the discussion, the teacher should make the connection between the theory studied and the practice. This can be done by reviewing the problems of relative velocity solved during the lesson and explaining how the theory was applied to reach the solutions. In addition, the teacher should emphasize how understanding relative velocity can help students better understand the world around them and solve everyday problems.

3. Final Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): Finally, the teacher should propose that students make a final reflection on what they have learned. The teacher can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?". Students should have a minute to think about their answers and then have the opportunity to share them with the class. The goal of this reflection is to help students consolidate what they have learned, identify any gaps in their understanding, and develop self-assessment and self-reflection skills.

By the end of the Return, students should be more confident in their understanding of relative velocity, have had the opportunity to discuss and reflect on what they have learned, and be motivated to continue studying and practicing the topic.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion by giving a brief summary of the main points covered during the lesson. This includes the definition of relative velocity, the calculation of relative velocity, and the application of formulas. The teacher can use a board or a slide presentation to highlight key points and ensure that students are recalling important concepts.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes): Next, the teacher should reinforce the importance of connecting theory with practice and applications. For example, the teacher can revisit the problems of relative velocity solved during the lesson and explain how the theory was applied to reach the solutions. Additionally, the teacher should emphasize how understanding relative velocity can help students better understand the world around them and solve everyday problems.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should then suggest extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of relative velocity. These materials may include books, articles, videos, physics websites, among others. For example, the teacher can recommend an explanatory video about the Doppler effect, a physics book with solved exercises on relative velocity, or a physics website with interactive simulators that allow students to explore the concept of relative velocity in a practical and fun way.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 minute): Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the subject studied for students' daily lives. For example, the teacher can explain how understanding relative velocity is essential for various practical applications, such as navigation, weather forecasting, astronomy, among others. Additionally, the teacher can emphasize how the study of relative velocity contributes to the development of important skills, such as logical thinking, problem-solving, and group collaboration.

By the end of the Conclusion, students should have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the lesson topic, be motivated to continue studying and practicing, and have useful resources to deepen their knowledge of relative velocity.