Objectives (5-10 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of enlargement and reduction of 2D shapes:

   • Define enlargement and reduction of shapes, explaining how they affect the dimensions of a shape.
   • Identify real-world scenarios where enlargement and reduction of shapes are applicable.

2. Apply scale factors in practical problem-solving:

   • Calculate scale factors for enlarging and reducing different shapes.
   • Apply these scale factors to enlarge or reduce a shape according to given specifications.

3. Solve problems involving enlargement and reduction of shapes:

   • Develop skills to solve practical problems involving the enlargement and reduction of shapes.
   • Use logical reasoning and mathematical operations to arrive at a solution.

Secondary objectives:

• Foster critical thinking and problem-solving: The lesson plan aims to develop the students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as they will need to apply the concepts learned to solve practical problems.

• Promote interdisciplinary learning: The lesson plan also seeks to promote interdisciplinary learning by showing how mathematical concepts can be applied in real-world scenarios and across different subject areas.

Introduction (10-15 minutes)

1. Review of prior knowledge:

   • The teacher begins the lesson by reviewing basic geometry concepts, such as what plane figures are, their characteristics and properties, and how to calculate areas and perimeters. These concepts are fundamental to understanding the lesson’s topic – enlargement and reduction of shapes.

2. Problem situations:

   • The teacher presents two problem situations that involve enlarging and reducing shapes. For example, the first situation could involve enlarging a map so that it can be read from a greater distance, while the second could involve reducing an image so that it fits into a smaller space. These situations are used to pique students' curiosity and demonstrate the practical relevance of the content to be covered.

3. Contextualization:

   • The teacher explains how the enlargement and reduction of shapes are used in diverse fields, such as architecture (e.g., when creating scale models), design (e.g., when creating logos), and even video games (e.g., when creating characters and environments). This helps show students that the content they are learning has real-world, practical applications.

4. Generating interest:

   • To further engage students, the teacher can share interesting facts about the enlargement and reduction of shapes. For example, they could talk about how the art of origami, which involves creating complex figures from a single piece of paper, is based on enlargement and reduction techniques. Another interesting fact is that the enlargement and reduction of shapes are also used in medicine, for example, to create 3D models of the human body from MRI scans.

After the Introduction, students should have a basic understanding of what enlargement and reduction of shapes are and how this concept is applied in the real world. They should also be motivated to learn more about the topic, thanks to the problem situations and fun facts presented.

Development (20-25 minutes)

1. Activity "Enlarging and Reducing the World" (10-15 minutes)

   • Divide the class into small groups of 4-5 students and provide each group with a map of a country or region.
   • Explain that they are to imagine that they are urban planners and that they need to enlarge or reduce the map to create a new urban development plan.
   • Each group must choose a scale factor (e.g., 1:1000, 1:500, 1:2000) and apply it to the map.
   • They must calculate the new dimensions of the map and draw the new urban development plans.
   • Finally, each group should present their new urban development plan and explain the scale factor they used.
   • This activity allows students to apply the concepts of enlargement and reduction of shapes in a practical, real-world context. Additionally, it promotes teamwork and effective communication, as students have to discuss and make decisions as a group.

2. Activity "Recreating the World in Miniature" (10-15 minutes)

   • Still in their groups, students will be given an empty shoebox and a variety of craft materials, such as paper, scissors, glue, paints, etc.
   • The task is to create a miniature model of the region that was enlarged or reduced in the previous activity.
   • They must use the materials provided to create the different features of the region, such as roads, buildings, rivers, etc., at the scale they have chosen.
   • During the activity, students should discuss how they will apply the enlargement or reduction scale factor when creating the different parts of the model.
   • At the end, the models should be presented to the class, and each group should explain how they applied the enlargement or reduction scale factor and how it affected the size of the model.
   • This activity allows students to see the practical application of shape enlargement and reduction in a fun and creative way. Additionally, it develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as students have to decide how to create the different parts of the model according to their chosen enlargement or reduction scale factor.

3. Group Discussion (5-10 minutes)

   • After the presentations, the teacher should lead a group discussion about the activities.
   • Students should have the opportunity to share their experiences, difficulties, and learning during the activities.
   • The teacher should guide the discussion, asking questions that encourage students to reflect on the concepts of enlargement and reduction of shapes and their practical applications.
   • For example, the teacher could ask: “How did you decide on the enlargement or reduction scale factor to use in your activities? How did you calculate the new dimensions of the map? How did you apply the enlargement or reduction scale factor when creating the miniature model?”
   • The group discussion allows students to consolidate their learning and clarify any doubts they may still have about the topic.

These hands-on activities help students understand the concept of shape enlargement and reduction in a concrete way and apply it to real-world situations. Additionally, they promote teamwork, effective communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

Feedback (10-15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5-7 minutes):

   • The teacher gathers the whole class together and facilitates a discussion about the solutions presented by each group.
   • Each group has up to 3 minutes to share their findings and how they arrived at them.
   • As the groups present, the teacher should encourage other students to ask questions and make comments.
   • After all the presentations, the teacher should summarize the main ideas and insights that emerged from the discussion.

2. Connecting to Theory (2-3 minutes):

   • The teacher then connects the hands-on activities to the theory.
   • They highlight how scale factors were applied during the activities and how the dimensions of the shapes were altered as a result.
   • They also reinforce the importance of understanding and correctly applying scale factors to ensure that shapes are altered according to specifications.

3. Individual Reflection (3-5 minutes):

   • The teacher asks students to individually reflect on what they have learned during the lesson.
   • They ask questions like: “What was the most important concept you learned today?” and “What questions still remain unanswered?”.
   • Students have a minute to think about their answers and then are encouraged to share them with the class.
   • The teacher should listen attentively to the students' responses and, where necessary, clarify any misunderstandings or address any unanswered questions.

4. Teacher Feedback (1-2 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher provides feedback to the students on their performance during the lesson.
   • They commend the students' strengths, such as their teamwork, creativity, and critical thinking.
   • They also point out areas for improvement and suggest strategies for students to continue learning and improving their shape enlargement and reduction skills.

Feedback is a crucial part of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to assess students' progress, clarify any misconceptions, and provide constructive criticism. Additionally, the group discussion and individual reflection help students consolidate their learning, identify areas for improvement, and reflect on how they can apply what they have learned to other situations.

Conclusion (5-10 minutes)

1. Recap of Content (2-3 minutes):

   • The teacher should revisit the key points discussed in the lesson, reinforcing the concepts of enlargement and reduction of shapes and the importance of correctly applying scale factors.
   • They can do this by summarizing the activities carried out during the lesson and highlighting how they helped illustrate and apply the theoretical concepts.
   • The teacher should ensure that students understand that enlargement and reduction of shapes are processes that alter the dimensions of shapes without changing their shapes.

2. Connecting Theory, Practice, and Applications (1-2 minutes):

   • The teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected the theory, practice, and applications of shape enlargement and reduction concepts.
   • They can revisit how the hands-on activities allowed students to apply the theoretical concepts of shape enlargement and reduction in a realistic and relevant context.
   • They can also reiterate the practical applications discussed during the lesson and how these applications illustrate the relevance and usefulness of the concepts learned.

3. Extension Materials (1-2 minutes):

   • The teacher should suggest additional materials that students can explore to further their understanding of the topic.
   • This could include websites, videos, books, and online exercises that cover the topic of shape enlargement and reduction.
   • The teacher can encourage students to research additional examples of shape enlargement and reduction in different contexts, such as in art, architecture, engineering, etc., to expand their appreciation and understanding of the topic.

4. Importance of Topic in Everyday Life (1-2 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher should summarize the importance of the topic of shape enlargement and reduction to the students' everyday lives.
   • They can reinforce that the ability to understand and apply scale factors is useful in many areas of life, from urban planning to product design to art.
   • The teacher can encourage students to think of real-world situations where they could apply the concepts learned and to reflect on how these concepts can help them understand and solve real-world problems.

The Conclusion is an essential part of the lesson plan, as it helps consolidate students' learning, connect theory to practice and applications, and motivate students to continue learning about the topic. Additionally, it reinforces the relevance and usefulness of the topic to students' everyday lives, which can help increase their engagement and interest in the subject.